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PR 2ND QUARTER > MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY > Flashcards

MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q
  • The process of gathering and measuring information on variables of interest.
    -It also answers stated research questions, test hypotheses, and evaluate outcomes.
A

Data Collection

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2
Q

What are the consideration for planning data collection?

A
  • Subject/participants
  • Schedule
  • Finances
  • Miscellaneous considerations
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3
Q
  • This pertains to the people or your respondents in the study.
A

Subject/participants

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4
Q

-The date or time to be used during data collection from participants.

A

Schedule

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5
Q

The expenses to be incurred in data collection such as printing of materials, travel allowance, etc

A

Finances

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6
Q

Safety, Respondents’ Motivation, Protocol/Seek Approval

A

Miscellaneous Considerations

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7
Q

The process of gathering and measuring information on variables of interest.

A

Survey/Questionnaire

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8
Q

The data are presented in rows and columns with values and results

A

Table

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9
Q

The data shows the relations, comparisons, and distribution of values and percentages

A

Graph

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10
Q

Enumerate the elements of the graph

A
  • Title
  • Labels
  • Depth and Axes
  • Colors
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11
Q

it describes the data set

A

Title

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12
Q

it gives representation of the axes and parts of graph

A

Labels

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13
Q

it means depth of a point relative to a given data set; axes are lines on a graph

A

Depth and Axes

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14
Q

it has enough shades or tint to make contrast between the background and data to be clearly seen

A

Colors

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15
Q

It shows relationship of parts of the whole concept

A

Pie graph

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16
Q

The data values are expressed at different points in time

A

Line graph

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17
Q

The values are presented horizontally where it is used as the results of data

A

Bar graph

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18
Q

The values are expressed in different time periods or other data groupings in a vertical form

A

Column Graph

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19
Q

This commonly emphasized the area showing the rise and fall of various data series over time with colors, textures and hatchings.

A

Area graph

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20
Q

the culmination of the long process of formulating a hypothesis, constructing the instrument, and collecting data. It is used to properly test the hypothesis, answer the research questions, and presents the results of the study in a clear and understandable manner. In quantitative research, it deals with numerical data, as in most surveys and experiments, it is logical to use statistical treatment.

A

Statistical Treatment

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21
Q

What are the two branches of statistics?

A
  • Descriptive Statistics
    -Inferential Statistics
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22
Q

It involves tabulating, depicting, and describing the collected data. The data are summarized to reveal overall data patterns and make them manageable.

A

Descriptive Statistics

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23
Q

It involves making generalizations about the population through a sample drawn from it. It also includes hypothesis testing and sampling. It is concerned with parametric (interval and ratio scale) and non-parametric (nominal and ordinal scale) statistical tools.

A

Inferential Statistics

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24
Q

What are the common statistical tools in descriptive statistics?

A
  1. Frequency Distribution
  2. Proportion
  3. Percentage
    4.Measures of Central Tendency.
  4. Variability or Dispersion
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25
Q

It is the record of the number of individuals or cases located in each category on the scale of measurement.

A

Frequency Distribution

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26
Q

It is the total frequency divided by the number of cases in each category. It can be derived from the frequency distribution

A

Proportion

27
Q

It is the proportion expressed in percentage (proportion × 100)

Example:
The data below show some of the personal information of 20 respondents in a study.
*For Gender: M = Male, F = Female
*For Civil Status: S = Single, M= Married, W = Widowed, WR = Widower
*For Highest Educational Attainment: N = did not graduate in elementary, E = Elementary, H = High School, C = College, G = Post Graduate

A

Percentage

28
Q

It indicated whether the center of the distribution tends to be located. It refers to the typical average score in a distribution

A

Measures of Central Tendency

29
Q

It is the exact mathematical center of a distribution. It is equal to the sum of all scores divided by the number of cases.

A

Mean

30
Q

It is the middlemost value in a distribution below or above which is exactly 50% cases that are found.

A

Median

31
Q

It refers to the most frequently occurring score in a distribution

A

Mode

32
Q

It refers to the extent and manner in which the scores in a distribution differ from each other.

A

Variability or Dispersion

33
Q

It is the difference between the highest value and the lowest value in the given distribution.

A

Range

34
Q

It is the measure of variation that takes into consideration the deviations of the individual scores from the mean.

A

Average Deviation.

35
Q

It is the square of the standard deviation.

A

Variance.

36
Q

It is the square root of the quotient of the total squared deviation of the mean and total number of cases.

A

Standard Deviation.

37
Q

Enumerate the common statistical tools in inferential statistics

A
  1. Variables
  2. Data
  3. Purpose
38
Q

To determine the statistical to be used in variables, what should be noted?

A

“How many variables?”

39
Q

To determine the statistical to be used in data, what should be noted?

A

What level of measurement?

40
Q

To determine the statistical to be used in Purpose, what should be noted?

A

What type of question?

41
Q

Enumerate the levels of measurement of variables

A
  1. Nominal Data
  2. Ordinal Data
  3. Interval Data
  4. Ratio Data
42
Q

These are attributes that only name variable. These data are considered at the simplest level or categorical level.

A

Nominal Data

43
Q

It does not only classify items, but also give the order or ranks of classes, items, or objects. It is still a weak form of measurement, because the ordering implies to which category is “greater” or “lesser” – not how much “greater” or “lesser”

A

Ordinal Data

44
Q

It is used to classify order and differentiate between classes or categories in terms of degrees of differences. It has no true zero point.

A

Interval Data

45
Q

It differs from interval scale only in one aspect: it has a true zero point (complete absence of the property being measured).

A

Ratio Data

46
Q

What are the types of test?

A

-Parametric Test
-Non-Parametric Test

47
Q

The kind of test that measures the level of either the data possess an interval or ratio

A

Parametric Test

48
Q

The type of test when the data are nominal or ordinal

A

Non-Parametric Test

49
Q

Enumerate the types of research question

A

-Descriptive Questions
-Relationship Questions
-Comparison Questions

50
Q

To identify participant’s responses to a single variable or question

A

Descriptive Questions

51
Q

To answer the degree and magnitude of the relationship between two or more variables.

A

Relationship Questions.

52
Q

To find out how two or more groups on an independent variable differ in terms of one or more outcome variables

A

Comparison Questions.

53
Q

Give a relationship questions

A
  1. What is the significant association between religious beliefs and the effectiveness of information, education, and communication on natural family planning?
  2. What is the significant relationship between the pretest and post test scores of accounting students in their qualifying examinations?
54
Q

This measures the index of relationship between two variables

A

Pearson’s r

55
Q

This is used to test when there is a significant relationship between the x and y variables

A

Linear Regression Analysis

56
Q

This is used to show relationship with given three or more independent variables

A

Multiple Regression Analysis.

57
Q

Give a comparison questions

A
  1. Is there a significant difference on the student’s performance before and after the enhancement?
  2. How significantly different are the three instructional methods of teaching research to four groups of students?
58
Q

This is used for at least 30 respondents in research and to compare two independent samples

A

t-test.

59
Q

This is used to compare the sample mean and the perceived population mean of more than 30 samples

A

z-test.

60
Q

This is used when comparing the means of two or more independent groups ; it is also a set of difference between the observed and the expected frequencies in a study

A

f-test (Chi-square).

61
Q

This is used to compare variances across the means (or average) of three or more groups

A

*Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).

62
Q

A chapter that shows how the problem will be investigated ;

A

Research Methodology

63
Q

The strategy used in the collection of data or analysis to come up with new information or to understand a particular topic

A

Research Method

PR 2ND QUARTER (6 decks)

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