Materials and components Flashcards
What are regenerated fabrics and what are they made out of?
Regenerated fibre is created by dissolving cellulose in chemicals to make it back into a fibre
What do you need to make wood pulp into a fibre?
A chemical
Was method is used to make a generated fibre?
Dry and wet spinning
What products are made from acetate?
Lining, dress fabric, ties, lingerie and bathing suits
Which products are made from viscose?
Lining, dress fabric and jersey
Which regenerated fibre is the least environmentally friendly and why?
Viscose because although it is made from wood pulp, old forests are cleared to make room for pulpwood plantations, often eucalyptus trees are planted which use up lots of water. The wood pulp is also treated with hazardous chemicals.
What are the properties of cellulose acetate?
Tough, glossy, transparent, breathable, absorbent
Is acetate sustainable? Why?
The raw material is wood pulp which is renewable
It is biodegradable- can be composted or incinerated
What are the three stages of making fabric?
Spinning fibres into yearns
Weaving or knitting yarns to make fabric
Finishing fabric to make it more useful
Give 7 example of animal fibres, their properties and where they come from
Wool - sheep, elastic, warm, absorbent, durabel, felts easily
Silk - silk worm, strong, individual fibres are long thin and lustrous
Alpaca - from an alpaca, softer than wool, silky
Cashmere - from a goat, soft, less shiny than alpaca, warm
Mohair - from angora goats, fine, silky, shiny, absorbs dyes, doesn’t felt
Angora - soft and silky, fluffy, combined with other fabrics because it felts so easily
Camel - temperature regulating, lightweight, minimally elastic, doesn’t felt easily
Give 5 examples of plant fibres
Cotton Linen (flax) Hemp Jute Sisal
Give 4 examples of regenerated fibres
Viscose
Cupro
Modal
Lyocell (tencel)
Give three example of synthetic fibres
Acrylic
Polyester
Nylon (polyamide)
What are the properties of wool?
Good insulator
Good elasticity
Highly absorbent
Does not crease easily
What are the properties of linen?
Poor insulators Highly absorbent Hard wearing Crease easily Poor elasticity
What are the properties of cotton?
Poor insulators Stronger when wet than dry Able to hold moisture well Hard wearing Poor elasticity
What are the properties of nylon?
Not very absorbent Very strong Crease resistant Affected by static electricity which effects drape Thermoplastic Not heat resistant
What are the properties of polyester?
Strong, hard wearing Crease resistant Easy to wash Resistant to staining Non absorbent Cool and smooth Recyclable Not heat resistant Thermoplastic
What are the reasons for fibre blending?
Improving quality - washing, drying, ironing, shrinking, creasing, abrasion, durability, softness, absorption, insulation
Appearance - colour, lustre
Profitability - diluting expensive fibres with cheap fibres
What are the different types of yarn?
Knitting yarn
Weaving yarn
Overlooking yarn
Sewing machine yarn
Spun yarns Multi-filament yarns Monofilament yarns Assembled yarns Folded yarns Complex yarns
How are fibres prepared?
They are washed, combed then carded (convert loose wool to a fine even web which is cut into roving)
What are the advantages of growing hemp over cotton?
Hemp produces twice as much fibre per acre
Hemp returns nutrients to soil
Hemp can grow for many yearns without the need for crop rotation
Doesn’t need pesticides
More durable
What are ply yarns and why are they used?
They are made by twisting two or more yarns together to increase the strength, regularity, texture, weight and to create special effects
What is a fibre blend?
When you take two different types of fibres to make ply yarns
What is a core spun yarn?
A fibre that is totally covered by another fibre in a ply yarn
What are synthetic fibres
Materials made from petroleum based chemicals or coals
What are microfibres and what are they used for?
They a really small fibres (60x smaller than human hair) and can be blended with other fibres, are thermoplastic and are good for sportswear and underwear. Also called tactel micro
What are the properties of acrylic?
Warm Easy to wash Non absorbent Thermoplastic Feels like wool Durable Crease resistant
What are aramid fibres?
Really strong
Nomex - Flame and Heat resistant (used in F1h)
Kevlar - bullet proof (vests)
What are the different types of spinning systems to make yarns?
Worsted spinning system - smooth yarns
Woollen spinning system - hairy yarn
What are the two types of fibres?
Filament fibre - only made from synthetic fibres and silk because they are continuously long, I.e. polyester, tactel, Nylon, polyamide, Lycra, elastane
Staple fibre - synthetic (you can cut them) or natural (already staples)
How can knitted fabrics become more elastic?
By adding elastane (I.e. Lycra)
How can you improve the warmth of knitted fabrics?
By using the finishing process of napping or brushing which makes it fluffy
What are weft knitted fabrics? Give two examples
Fabric that have horizontal rows of knitted yarn
They have horizontal ribs on the wrong side
They have V shaped loops in the right side
They are held together by interlocking loops
Include single jersey (t-shirts) and double jersey (sports shirts)
What are warp knitted fabrics and what are their properties? Give four examples
Fabric with interlocking loops that run vertically
Can only be machine made
Less elastic, firmer
Don’t ladder when cut
Keep shape
Include lightweight fabrics like nets and lace, and heavy fabrics like terry towelling and velour
What are the properties of woven fabrics?
They fray easily
They lack elasticity
Stronger if the weave is closer
Has a selvedge (an edge that won’t fray) and a bias
What are the different types of weave?
Plain - under over, polyester, cotton, calico
Twill - weft yarns go under and over 2 or 4 warp yarns, denim
Satin - weft yarns under 4-7 warp yarns, damask
Jacquard - complexly woven on jacquard loom that produces high quality and expensive fabrics, rich furnishings, wedding waistcoats
Pile weave - creates raised surface of upright loops, velvet, corduroy
How are non woven fabrics made are what are their properties?
Made by using chemicals to Kat fibres together or using heat to bond them or by stitching them together in layers
They don’t have a grain
Don’t stretch or fray easily
Aren’t as strong as knitted or woven fabrics
Not as flexible
Permeable
What are the properties of poly cotton?
Strong Elastic Cheap Easy to care for Crease resistant Insulating Absorbent
What are the properties of fabric with membranes?
They can control substances that flow through them
Gore tex, sympatex
Used in outdoor clothing
Breathable but waterproof
What is BioSteel?
A very strong fibre based material
Genetically modified fibre
Contains casein from goats milk and protein silk from spider webs
Used in recyclable bullet proof vests
Why are finishes applied and what types of finishes are there?
To protect fabric or design features Change the feel of fabric Improve durability Improve appearance Add value
Physical finishes
Biological finishes
Chemical finishes
What is mercerising?
Fabric is places in a sodium hydroxide solution
The fibres swell and become shiny, absorbent and strong
Can be applied to cotton
How can manufacturers make fabrics more useful by making use of their ‘special properties’?
They can enhance the properties
They can have special properties built in
They can add special properties after the construction of a product
Name 7 fibres with special properties
Elastane - extension Recycled and biodegradable fibres Kevlar (aramid) - 5x stronger than steel Fabrics with a membrane (GoreTex, Sympatex) - control substances BioSteel - strong Nomex - insulating Microfibres
What are the properties of elastane? (+2 examples)
Lots of extension
Improves comfort and appearance
Used in sportswear, underwear and suits
Includes Lycra and DuPont
What are the properties of recycled and biodegradable fibres and what are they made from?
Made from recycled bottles (PTFE or PET)
Produce light weight, breathable fabrics
Used in fleeces
Are biodegradable due to the way they are processed
What are the properties of fabrics with membranes?
They can control which substances pass through the
Breathable but waterproof
Used in outdoor clothing
Examples include GoreTex and Sympatex
What are the properties of nomex?
Insulating
Heat and flame resistant
Use in firefighters uniforms
What is a waterproofing finish?
A silicon chemical is sprayed onto the fabric
It provides a water repellent layer
Can be applied to all fabrics
Used on tents and outdoor clothing
What is flameproofing?
Chemicals are applied to the yarn/fabric to provide a protective layer which slows down the burning process
Can be applied to cotton, rayon and linen
Used on interior fabrics and furnishings
What are antistatic finishes?
Chemical head product is sprayed on the fabric to stop the build up of electrostatic charge
Can be applied to synthetics, acetate and silk
What are anti felting finishes?
An oxidative treatment is applied which softens rough fibres to prevent matting
Can be applied to wool
What is bleaching?
Strong chemical is applied to fabric
Removes natural colour
Can weaken the fabric
Applied to cotton and linen
What is a crease resistant finish?
A resin is applied and then it is heat cured (set)
What is a shrink resistant finish?
A resin based finish or chlorine based chemical treatment is applied
Stops fabric like wool shrinking so it can go in the washing machine
What is a spark resistant finish?
An application to protect against spark discharge
Used industrially
Used on clothing for the emergency services, military products and manufacturing operators
What are cut, tear and ballistic resistant fabrics?
Fabrics designed to protect the see in industry or sporting events
Used in body armour or emergency service uniforms
What are components? Give 9 examples
Something added or used with the fabric to enhance, embellish or add functionality
Dyes, inks, paints, elastics, threads, knitting yarns, fastenings, bindings, interfacing
What are technical textiles and what are they used for?
They are fabrics that are manufactured for functionality and technical performance
Used in many industries, such as: aerospace, medicine, military, health and safety, transport, geotextiles
What four areas can smart textiles be divided into?
Conductive textiles, power assisted textiles, communication textiles, medical textiles
What are nanoparticles and what is nanotechnology?
Nanotechnology involves nanoparticles which are microscopic particles with specific physical and chemical properties that can be incorporated into fabrics to enhance or change their properties
What properties of a fabric can nanoparticles change?
Dyeability Tensile strength Resistance to abrasion Resistance to flames/heat Ability to repel water/soil
What are nanotubes?
Nanotubes or nano thread are microscopic structures that conduct electricity and heat. They are used in medical textiles
How do you care for cotton?
Machine wash
Tumble dry
Hot iron
How do you care for linen?
Dry clean to retain crispness
Hot wash
Hot iron
How do you care for wool?
Dry clean, some may be machine washed
Medium iron wrong side
How do you care for silk?
Dry clean
Hand wash
Low iron, wrong side
