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Environment and Construction > Materials > Flashcards

Materials Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the building envelope?

A 
foundation 
floor
walls
ceiling
windows
door
corridor
stair
toilet,ramp,fireplace etc
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2
Q

What is the life cycle assessment of materials?

A

extraction
processing
use/maintenance
eventual disposal

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3
Q

How does the use of materials effect the environment?

A
  1. depletion of non-renewable resources
  2. effect upon bio-diversity- ruining habitats
  3. visual impacts
  4. effect on co2 emissions to atmosphere (as with large scale deforestation)
  5. effect on soul stability (as with large scale deforestation)
  6. energy use and co2 emissions in transport
  7. energy use and co2 emissions in conversion
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4
Q

What are the impacts on the environment of using materials?

A
  1. toxicity
  2. production of toxic wastes
  3. effect on health
  4. life span
  5. waste during the construction process
  6. destination at the end of its life
  7. potential for re use
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5
Q

What is the process of using materials and the direct impact?

A

process:
exploration, mining, pre processing transport, processing, transport, fabrication, discarding

impact:
energy resource depletion, air pollution, water pollution, land disturbance (mining, and solid waste generation)

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6
Q

How is cement made and what does it produce?

A

Cement in concrete is produced in an energy intensive process, and the chemical reaction produces co2

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7
Q

How is aluminum produced?

A

In a highly energy intensive way, but eminently recyclable.

If systems are set up for this to happen,, it is a good material.

It is possible to obtain recycled aluminum products

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8
Q

What are the basic principles of material use?

A

Reduce

Reuse- use the material in its state and function

Recycle- innovative way to use material in different function

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9
Q

Name 5 basic materials?

A 
wood
glass
concrete
bricks 
steel
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10
Q

What are the parts of a ‘full fill built in’ brick wall?

A

External brick outer leaf
Cavity slab
Blockwork inner leaf
Internal plaster finish

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11
Q

What are the parts of a ‘partial fill built in’ brick wall?

A 
External brick outer leaf
Clear cavity
Cavity slab
Blockwork inner leaf
Wall tie and retaining disk
internal plaster finish
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12
Q

What are the parts of a ‘full fill injected’ brick wall?

A

External brick outer leaf
Brown bead
Blockwork inner leaf
Internal plaster finish

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13
Q

What is the most commonly used material to construct external walls?

A

bricks

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14
Q

What are bricks generally made from and how can their size be described?

A

Clay

Modular in size and manufactured all to the same dimensions

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15
Q

What are the dimensions of a standard block?

A

215x100x440

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16
Q

What are the dimensions of a standard brick?

A

65x102x215

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17
Q

How long and high is a standard block measured in bricks?

A

2 bricks long and 3 bricks high

18
Q

What is tension?

A

Stretching a material

19
Q

What is compression?

A

compressing a material

20
Q

What is the rule of thumb for determining the depth of a steel beam?

A

1/20th of the span

21
Q

How can you tell when a beam is under tension and compression?

A

An element that is capable of withstanding load by resisting against bending

22
Q

What materials are better under tension that compression?

A

glass fiber epoxy matrix composite

23
Q

What is an element entirely dependent on when undergoing tension or compression?

A

material and thickness

24
Q

Name 7 points on the material selection criteria?

A 
renewable source
recyclable, reduced
low embodied energy
locally available 
energy efficient 
minimum pollution
biodegradable
25
Q

What 4 things should be considered in order to reduce?

A
  1. lower embodied materials
  2. travel distance
  3. use materials efficiently
  4. use renewable resources
26
Q

What impact has transportation had on materials?

A

Until the development of mass transport systems, different areas produced different buildings types, using materials that were available in the vicinity.

Only small quantities of expensive imported materials were used, and these would be for ‘high status buildings’

27
Q

Pros and cons of stone?

A

+
abundant
if used locally, you need comparatively little energy to make usable

-
can damage the surroundings with quarrying

28
Q

Pros and cons of clay for bricks?

A

+
local clays

-
use energy to produce
transporting large quantities of bricks long distances is not a sustainable approach

29
Q

How is timber used as a material in buildings?

A

the frame is made out of timber then infilled with “wattle and daub”

30
Q

What are the features of the Makepeace House by Edward Cullinan?

A

Used locally available forest thinnings

Developed a form from “green” wood bending

Decked in timber, insulation and turf

31
Q

Examples of efficient use of timber?

A

Earth centre Doncaster- untreated roundwood

Woodland enterprise centre- local coppiced chestnut

Olivier theatre Bedales school- green oak frame with stainless steel joints, roof cladding larch, wall cladding douglas fir

32
Q

How can timber be sourced responsibly?

A

Ensure that any timber felled is replaced by new planting

A number of bodies exist which can track the source of materials, and certify it as coming from properly managed sources

Forestry Stewardship Council (FSC)- the mark of responsible forestry

B&Q have a policy of only buying timber from approved sources

33
Q

Pros and cons of straw?

A 
\+
roofing material
good insulator 
cheap
environmentally friendly walling

-
fire risk
not long lasting

34
Q

What are the modern uses of straw?

A

Straw bales were place between timber trusses to insulate the facade

The inexpensive, readily available material with minimum environmental impact

The combination between high insulation quantities of materials used in wall system and orientation allowed the majority of the building to heat using passive heating

35
Q

What are the uses of hemp?

A

Insistu wall construction (mixed with lime)

Pre-cast wall construction (mixed with lime)

Blocks (mixed with lime) insitu

36
Q

What are the features of a hemp brick?

A 
Strong
Lightweight 
Breathable 
Energy efficient 
Incredible insulation 
Lasts 100s years 
flame, water and pest resistant 
natural sourced
37
Q

How can mud and clay be used to build up walls and made durable?

A

Mud and clay can be used to build up walls with straw to strengthen it and a stone base to protect it from damp

Of rendered it can be durable

38
Q

What are the features of sheep wool?

A

Renewable source

Can be used economically to make non toxic insulation

39
Q

How are 20% of materials used on building sites in the Uk wasted?

A

bad design
poor storage
theft
damage during insulation

40
Q

What is special about the Earthship community Taos new Mexico?

A

earth construction with recycled glass bottles inserted for light transmission

aluminum cans placed in walls showing re-use of recycled material

41
Q

What happens at the end of a buildings life?

A

Most buildings are just demolished, with the majority of waste going to land full sites

Land fill tax is reducing this as an economic option

Demolition waste needs to be sorted on site, and reused wherever possible

There are specialist reclamation business that do this, and many materials from bricks through to sanitary fittings can be economically saved for reuse

42
Q

5 things to think about when deciding on materials?

A

Use materials that are locally produced

Use materials with low environmental costs

Consider cradle to grave energy costs involved

Avoid using tropical hardwoods

Think about loading and associated impacts on structured, and type of material

Environment and Construction (5 decks)

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