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Furniture Design > Materials > Flashcards

Materials Flashcards

1
Q

When board is cut parallel to the grain direction but through the radius of the growth rings

A

Quarter/Radial grain

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2
Q

When board is cut across the grain (perpendicular to the grain direction and the growth rings)

A

End grain

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3
Q

Basal stumps of incipient or cast off branches in the living tree

A

Knots

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4
Q

Small knots 1/2 (12.5mm) or under, often caused by the shedding of early branches

A

Pin knots

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5
Q

Knots sliced through their length during sawing, and commonly known as ‘slash’ knots

A

Spike/splay knots

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6
Q

Dead knots which are still sound and difficult to dislodge, and often ringed with resin in softwood

A

Encased knots

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7
Q

2 or 3 knots springing from a common center

A

Branched knots

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8
Q

Both the medullary ray and springwood cells of rung porous hardwoods are weaker than the remainder and built in tensions are created which tend to level out. Extensive splitting may occur in the weakest links

A

Shakes

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9
Q

Log splits from the pith or heart radially along the medullary rays

A

Radial shake

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10
Q

Project inwardly from a definite frost rib on the cambrium and are the result of severe weather

A

Frost shake

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11
Q

Soft springwood of the log splits away from the harder summerwood either during seasoning or through shearing stresses in the growing tree caused by old age, excessive bending under strong winds, intense heat

A

Tangential shakes

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12
Q

Failures are caused by compression and not by splitting or shearing

A

Cross shakes

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13
Q

Resin pockets that appear either as thin veins or shallow cavities filled with resin

A

Pitch veins, pitch pockets

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14
Q

Repeated damage to the cambium layer by small insects is often healed over with hark and may show as small dots or patches of brown cork deeply buried in some woods

A

Pith flecksr

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15
Q

Patches of ingrowing bark, probably caused by exterior damage to the growing tree

A

Rind galls

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16
Q

Normally the sapwood dies ring by ring, forming heartwood but on occassions patches of sapwood survive within the heartwood and show as lighter patches as sometimes seen in rio rosewood

A

Internal sapwood

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17
Q

Caused by fungal or insect attack irritating the cambium layers and resulting in large rapid growths, usually at the base of the tree or by numbers of small twigs which fail to develop owning to insufficient nourishment, forming a dense mass

A

Burls/burrs

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18
Q

Tissue formed over a wound in a tree resulting in unnatural growth incorporated in the normal wood growth.

A

Callus

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19
Q

Caused by fungoid disease

A

Canker

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20
Q

Partially heated fire scar

A

Catface

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21
Q

Plank hollows across the width, forming a rounding on the underface, often due to incorrect pilling

A

Cupping/rounding

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22
Q

Plank is curved like a bow throughout its length

A

Bowing

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23
Q

Sometimes known as edge bend, the wood remains flat but bends edgewise on its own plane

A

Springing

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24
Q

The plank twists on its longitudinal axis with the result that the long edges are straight but the diagonals are curved

A

Twisting

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25
Q

The butt end of the plank splits open, usually caused by too rapid drying but some species will always split

A

End splitting

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26
Q

Small splits along the grain caused by too rapid sun drying in hot sun

A

Sun checking

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27
Q

The surface of the wood lifts in innumerable small flakes or layes which spring under the cutting action, preventing a smooth surface

A

Flaking

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28
Q

Grains run obliquely to the longitudinal axis, usually due to incorrect sawing

A

Diagonal grain

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29
Q

If wood dried too quickly then the surfaces dry out at a rate quicker than the rate of movement of moisture by capillary attraction from the plank, with the result that the dry outer layers are in tension and the moist interior compression

A

Case hardening

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30
Q

Results in severe internal stresses and subsequent checking or disruption of the wood fibers not visible from the outside

A

Honeycombing

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31
Q

Too rapid kiln drying of green timber can result in flattening of the wood cells caused by vacuums created by the withdrawal of water to below fiber saturation point at a rate faster than it can be replaced by either air or livestream

A

Collapse

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32
Q

Made from resins dissolved in ethyl alcohol. Resin + ethyl alcohol

A

Clear lacquer

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33
Q

Made from various gum and resins dissolved in an oil or alcohol. Resins + oil

A

Varnish

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34
Q

Spirit varnish made by dissolving purified lac flakes in denatured alcohol. Lac flakes + denatured alcohol

A

Shellac

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35
Q

Transparent finish made of polyhydric alcohol esterified with oleic, linoleic, palmetic and stearic fatty acids and modified with tolyrene disocynate and mineral spirits

A

Polyurethane finish

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36
Q

Using boiled linseed oil or various other oils

A

Oil stain finish

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37
Q

achieved by brushing, rubbing or spraying processed fatty acids from animals and vegetables, mineral sources combined with alcohol

A

Wax or films

38
Q

Dyes or pigments suspended in water or oil. It alters coloring of the wood or accentuates its natural color without covering the grain.

A

Wood stain finish

39
Q

Results to lightening of the wood color to yellowish white and neutralizes the color making it noticeable

A

Bleach finish

40
Q

Comparatively weak. Excellent for removing chemicals, dyes, ink and water stains deom wood surface if used full strength

A

Chlorinated laundry bleach

41
Q

Best bleach to use not only on natural wood colors but also on many water and chemical stains

A

Oxallic acid

42
Q

Finely ground, insoluble substance suspended in a liquid vehicle to impart color and opacity to a paint

A

Pigment

43
Q

White lead, oxide, lithophane or titanium

A

White pigment

44
Q

Derived from minerals or clay

A

Colored pigments

45
Q

Whitting, talc, and silica

A

Extenders

46
Q

Non volatile fluid in which the solid body material is suspended

A

Vehicles

47
Q

Volatile liquid used to dilute paint or varnish to the desired or proper consistency for ease in application

A

Thinners

48
Q

Added to the paint to accelerate the oxidation and hardening of vehicle

A

Driers

49
Q

Made of thin veneer sheets glued together one on top of the other with grain of the sheets arranged crosswise. The number of layers is usually odd and the structure symmetric. 6/12/19mm THK. 4x8’

A

Plywood

50
Q

Series of wood core strips glued together side by side to form a slab which is sandwiched between outer layers of veneer or thin plywood

A

Plyboards

51
Q

Composed of wood chips carefully grades, mixed with synthetic resin glue and either pressed or extruded into rigid, self supporting sheets of uniform thickness which are sanded down to close tolerance

A

Particle boards

52
Q

Vegetable fibers pressed together used for back panels and drawer bottoms

A

Fiber boards

53
Q

Same construction as fiberboards except that it has a thin outer pressed melamine finish

A

Melamine boards

54
Q

Becomes soft when heated & hard when cooled

A

Thermoplastic

55
Q

Set into a permanent shape when heat & pressure are applied during the forming stage

A

Thermosetting

56
Q

Composed of layers of craft paper impregnated with phenolic resins while the surface pattern which can be purely decorative in an infinite range of designs or an exact simulation of real wood grains is printed in a cover paper and coated with scratch resistant surface of melamine resin

A

Decorative plastic laminates

57
Q

Composed mainly of iron with small additions of other metals or substances

A

Ferrous metals

58
Q

Iron with traces of silicate. Easily worked and is tough and ductile. Screens, gates, grills, curtain rods

A

Wrought iron

59
Q

Iron with small amounts of carbon, silicon, sulfur, etc. Cylinder blocks, piston rings, vice/vise bodies, fire backs, manhole covers

A

Cast iron

60
Q

Iron with up to 0.3 percent carbon. Uses: general purpose metail used in bar, rods, sheet, rolled section and angle form; nuts, bolts, screws, tubing; furniture construction

A

Mud steel

61
Q

Steel with chromium and nickle. Cutlery, furniture frames

A

Stainless steel

62
Q

High resistance to corrosion. Sheet steel and metal lathe

A

Copper bearing steel

63
Q

Lustrous, silverwhite, magnetic, lightweight metal which is very malleable, has good thermal and electrical conductivity. Kitchen utensils, furniture and fittings

A

Aluminum

64
Q

Lustrous, reddish brown metal, highly ductile and malleable. Hot water pipes, electrical parts and decorative work

A

Copper

65
Q

Soft, malleable, heavy metal. Easy to cut and work, enabling it to be fitted over uneven surfaces. Plumbing, flashing, container linings, weighting objects

A

Lead

66
Q

Zinc plating

A

Galvanizing

67
Q

Lustrous white soft and malleable metal having a low melting point and is relatively unaffected by exposure to air

A

Tin

68
Q

Coating with a formulation based on a dissolved material which forms a transparent layer primarily after drying by evaporation of the solvent

A

Lacquering

69
Q

Produced by an electrolytic oxidation process in which the metal is converted to a mainly oxide coating having protective, decorative, or functional properties

A

Anodizing

70
Q

The process of using strong acid or mordant to cut into the unprotected parts of a metal surface to create a design

A

Etching

71
Q

Technique used to work metal into a raised design or pattern by sinking the front surface

A

Chasing

72
Q

Design is raised through the reverse side

A

Repousse

73
Q

Heating metal to restore it to its softest possible working state

A

Annealing

74
Q

Treating steel to improve its corrosion-resistance. The metal is heated to create an oxide skin and then quenched in oil

A

Bluing

75
Q

Production of metal shapes by pouring molten metal into moulds

A

Casting

76
Q

Forcing malleable materials thru holes to produce bars, sections or tubes

A

Extruding

77
Q

Shaping hot metal by hammering

A

Forging

78
Q

Producing maximum hardness in high carbon steel by heating it to bright cherry red, then quenching it in water or brine. This process makes metal brittle and is usually following by tempering

A

Hardening

79
Q

Pulling ductule metals through holes in a plate, to reduce their cross sectional areas

A

Drawing

80
Q

Methods of making permanent connection in metals by applying a molten alloy between the joint faces

A

Soldering and brazing

81
Q

Climbing palm. It is preprocessed to produce round cores for making reed or wicker furniture.

A

Rattan

82
Q

Rattan with a diameter of over 25mm and intermode of 250mm

A

Palasan

83
Q

Rattan with a diameter of 15-25 mm

A

Tumalim

84
Q

Rattan that is glossy, flexible, bright yellow when a diameter of less than 15mm but are rather light cream and all grades not included under the classification

A

Sika

85
Q

Rattan with those diameters are less than 15mm but having a light cream appearance rather than bright yellow

A

Panlis

86
Q

Woody grass with stems called culm that are cylindrical and generally separated by partitions or joints called nodes

A

Bamboo

87
Q

Largest palm in the Phil. reaching a ht of 20 m

A

Buri

88
Q

Leather from large animals like cows, carabaos, horses

A

Hides

89
Q

Leather obtained from smaller animals like calves, sheep, goats, pigs and alligators

A

Skins

90
Q

Leather obtained from pelts of reptiles such as snakes and lizards

A

Kips

91
Q

Found on flatpack self assembly furniture products that allow the items to be assembled and disassembled many times

A

Knockdown fittings

92
Q

When wood is cut parallel to the grain direction and tangent to the growth rings

A

Plain/Tangential/Flat grain

Furniture Design (3 decks)

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