Materials

Question 1

When board is cut parallel to the grain direction but through the radius of the growth rings

Answer 1

Quarter/Radial grain

Question 2

When board is cut across the grain (perpendicular to the grain direction and the growth rings)

Answer 2

End grain

Question 3

Basal stumps of incipient or cast off branches in the living tree

Answer 3

Knots

Question 4

Small knots 1/2 (12.5mm) or under, often caused by the shedding of early branches

Answer 4

Pin knots

Question 5

Knots sliced through their length during sawing, and commonly known as ‘slash’ knots

Answer 5

Spike/splay knots

Question 6

Dead knots which are still sound and difficult to dislodge, and often ringed with resin in softwood

Answer 6

Encased knots

Question 7

2 or 3 knots springing from a common center

Answer 7

Branched knots

Question 8

Both the medullary ray and springwood cells of rung porous hardwoods are weaker than the remainder and built in tensions are created which tend to level out. Extensive splitting may occur in the weakest links

Answer 8

Shakes

Question 9

Log splits from the pith or heart radially along the medullary rays

Answer 9

Radial shake

Question 10

Project inwardly from a definite frost rib on the cambrium and are the result of severe weather

Answer 10

Frost shake

Question 11

Soft springwood of the log splits away from the harder summerwood either during seasoning or through shearing stresses in the growing tree caused by old age, excessive bending under strong winds, intense heat

Answer 11

Tangential shakes

Question 12

Failures are caused by compression and not by splitting or shearing

Answer 12

Cross shakes

Question 13

Resin pockets that appear either as thin veins or shallow cavities filled with resin

Answer 13

Pitch veins, pitch pockets

Question 14

Repeated damage to the cambium layer by small insects is often healed over with hark and may show as small dots or patches of brown cork deeply buried in some woods

Answer 14

Pith flecksr

Question 15

Patches of ingrowing bark, probably caused by exterior damage to the growing tree

Answer 15

Rind galls

Question 16

Normally the sapwood dies ring by ring, forming heartwood but on occassions patches of sapwood survive within the heartwood and show as lighter patches as sometimes seen in rio rosewood

Answer 16

Internal sapwood

Question 17

Caused by fungal or insect attack irritating the cambium layers and resulting in large rapid growths, usually at the base of the tree or by numbers of small twigs which fail to develop owning to insufficient nourishment, forming a dense mass

Answer 17

Burls/burrs

Question 18

Tissue formed over a wound in a tree resulting in unnatural growth incorporated in the normal wood growth.

Answer 18

Callus

Question 19

Caused by fungoid disease

Answer 19

Canker

Question 20

Partially heated fire scar

Answer 20

Catface

Question 21

Plank hollows across the width, forming a rounding on the underface, often due to incorrect pilling

Answer 21

Cupping/rounding

Question 22

Plank is curved like a bow throughout its length

Answer 22

Bowing

Question 23

Sometimes known as edge bend, the wood remains flat but bends edgewise on its own plane

Answer 23

Springing

Question 24

The plank twists on its longitudinal axis with the result that the long edges are straight but the diagonals are curved

Answer 24

Twisting

Question 25

The butt end of the plank splits open, usually caused by too rapid drying but some species will always split

Answer 25

End splitting

Question 26

Small splits along the grain caused by too rapid sun drying in hot sun

Answer 26

Sun checking

Question 27

The surface of the wood lifts in innumerable small flakes or layes which spring under the cutting action, preventing a smooth surface

Answer 27

Flaking

Question 28

Grains run obliquely to the longitudinal axis, usually due to incorrect sawing

Answer 28

Diagonal grain

Question 29

If wood dried too quickly then the surfaces dry out at a rate quicker than the rate of movement of moisture by capillary attraction from the plank, with the result that the dry outer layers are in tension and the moist interior compression

Answer 29

Case hardening

Question 30

Results in severe internal stresses and subsequent checking or disruption of the wood fibers not visible from the outside

Answer 30

Honeycombing

Question 31

Too rapid kiln drying of green timber can result in flattening of the wood cells caused by vacuums created by the withdrawal of water to below fiber saturation point at a rate faster than it can be replaced by either air or livestream

Answer 31

Collapse

Question 32

Made from resins dissolved in ethyl alcohol. Resin + ethyl alcohol

Answer 32

Clear lacquer

Question 33

Made from various gum and resins dissolved in an oil or alcohol. Resins + oil

Answer 33

Varnish

Question 34

Spirit varnish made by dissolving purified lac flakes in denatured alcohol. Lac flakes + denatured alcohol

Answer 34

Shellac

Question 35

Transparent finish made of polyhydric alcohol esterified with oleic, linoleic, palmetic and stearic fatty acids and modified with tolyrene disocynate and mineral spirits

Answer 35

Polyurethane finish

Question 36

Using boiled linseed oil or various other oils

Answer 36

Oil stain finish

Question 37

achieved by brushing, rubbing or spraying processed fatty acids from animals and vegetables, mineral sources combined with alcohol

Answer 37

Wax or films

Question 38

Dyes or pigments suspended in water or oil. It alters coloring of the wood or accentuates its natural color without covering the grain.

Answer 38

Wood stain finish

Question 39

Results to lightening of the wood color to yellowish white and neutralizes the color making it noticeable

Answer 39

Bleach finish

Question 40

Comparatively weak. Excellent for removing chemicals, dyes, ink and water stains deom wood surface if used full strength

Answer 40

Chlorinated laundry bleach

Question 41

Best bleach to use not only on natural wood colors but also on many water and chemical stains

Answer 41

Oxallic acid

Question 42

Finely ground, insoluble substance suspended in a liquid vehicle to impart color and opacity to a paint

Answer 42

Pigment

Question 43

White lead, oxide, lithophane or titanium

Answer 43

White pigment

Question 44

Derived from minerals or clay

Answer 44

Colored pigments

Question 45

Whitting, talc, and silica

Answer 45

Extenders

Question 46

Non volatile fluid in which the solid body material is suspended

Answer 46

Vehicles

Question 47

Volatile liquid used to dilute paint or varnish to the desired or proper consistency for ease in application

Answer 47

Thinners

Question 48

Added to the paint to accelerate the oxidation and hardening of vehicle

Answer 48

Driers

Question 49

Made of thin veneer sheets glued together one on top of the other with grain of the sheets arranged crosswise. The number of layers is usually odd and the structure symmetric. 6/12/19mm THK. 4x8'

Answer 49

Plywood

Question 50

Series of wood core strips glued together side by side to form a slab which is sandwiched between outer layers of veneer or thin plywood

Answer 50

Plyboards

Question 51

Composed of wood chips carefully grades, mixed with synthetic resin glue and either pressed or extruded into rigid, self supporting sheets of uniform thickness which are sanded down to close tolerance

Answer 51

Particle boards

Question 52

Vegetable fibers pressed together used for back panels and drawer bottoms

Answer 52

Fiber boards

Question 53

Same construction as fiberboards except that it has a thin outer pressed melamine finish

Answer 53

Melamine boards

Question 54

Becomes soft when heated & hard when cooled

Answer 54

Thermoplastic

Question 55

Set into a permanent shape when heat & pressure are applied during the forming stage

Answer 55

Thermosetting

Question 56

Composed of layers of craft paper impregnated with phenolic resins while the surface pattern which can be purely decorative in an infinite range of designs or an exact simulation of real wood grains is printed in a cover paper and coated with scratch resistant surface of melamine resin

Answer 56

Decorative plastic laminates

Question 57

Composed mainly of iron with small additions of other metals or substances

Answer 57

Ferrous metals

Question 58

Iron with traces of silicate. Easily worked and is tough and ductile. Screens, gates, grills, curtain rods

Answer 58

Wrought iron

Question 59

Iron with small amounts of carbon, silicon, sulfur, etc. Cylinder blocks, piston rings, vice/vise bodies, fire backs, manhole covers

Answer 59

Cast iron

Question 60

Iron with up to 0.3 percent carbon. Uses: general purpose metail used in bar, rods, sheet, rolled section and angle form; nuts, bolts, screws, tubing; furniture construction

Answer 60

Mud steel

Question 61

Steel with chromium and nickle. Cutlery, furniture frames

Answer 61

Stainless steel

Question 62

High resistance to corrosion. Sheet steel and metal lathe

Answer 62

Copper bearing steel

Question 63

Lustrous, silverwhite, magnetic, lightweight metal which is very malleable, has good thermal and electrical conductivity. Kitchen utensils, furniture and fittings

Answer 63

Aluminum

Question 64

Lustrous, reddish brown metal, highly ductile and malleable. Hot water pipes, electrical parts and decorative work

Answer 64

Copper

Question 65

Soft, malleable, heavy metal. Easy to cut and work, enabling it to be fitted over uneven surfaces. Plumbing, flashing, container linings, weighting objects

Answer 65

Lead

Question 66

Zinc plating

Answer 66

Galvanizing

Question 67

Lustrous white soft and malleable metal having a low melting point and is relatively unaffected by exposure to air

Answer 67

Tin

Question 68

Coating with a formulation based on a dissolved material which forms a transparent layer primarily after drying by evaporation of the solvent

Answer 68

Lacquering

Question 69

Produced by an electrolytic oxidation process in which the metal is converted to a mainly oxide coating having protective, decorative, or functional properties

Answer 69

Anodizing

Question 70

The process of using strong acid or mordant to cut into the unprotected parts of a metal surface to create a design

Answer 70

Etching

Question 71

Technique used to work metal into a raised design or pattern by sinking the front surface

Answer 71

Chasing

Question 72

Design is raised through the reverse side

Answer 72

Repousse

Question 73

Heating metal to restore it to its softest possible working state

Answer 73

Annealing

Question 74

Treating steel to improve its corrosion-resistance. The metal is heated to create an oxide skin and then quenched in oil

Answer 74

Bluing

Question 75

Production of metal shapes by pouring molten metal into moulds

Answer 75

Casting

Question 76

Forcing malleable materials thru holes to produce bars, sections or tubes

Answer 76

Extruding

Question 77

Shaping hot metal by hammering

Answer 77

Forging

Question 78

Producing maximum hardness in high carbon steel by heating it to bright cherry red, then quenching it in water or brine. This process makes metal brittle and is usually following by tempering

Answer 78

Hardening

Question 79

Pulling ductule metals through holes in a plate, to reduce their cross sectional areas

Answer 79

Drawing

Question 80

Methods of making permanent connection in metals by applying a molten alloy between the joint faces

Answer 80

Soldering and brazing

Question 81

Climbing palm. It is preprocessed to produce round cores for making reed or wicker furniture.

Answer 81

Rattan

Question 82

Rattan with a diameter of over 25mm and intermode of 250mm

Answer 82

Palasan

Question 83

Rattan with a diameter of 15-25 mm

Answer 83

Tumalim

Question 84

Rattan that is glossy, flexible, bright yellow when a diameter of less than 15mm but are rather light cream and all grades not included under the classification

Answer 84

Sika

Question 85

Rattan with those diameters are less than 15mm but having a light cream appearance rather than bright yellow

Answer 85

Panlis

Question 86

Woody grass with stems called culm that are cylindrical and generally separated by partitions or joints called nodes

Answer 86

Bamboo

Question 87

Largest palm in the Phil. reaching a ht of 20 m

Answer 87

Buri

Question 88

Leather from large animals like cows, carabaos, horses

Answer 88

Hides

Question 89

Leather obtained from smaller animals like calves, sheep, goats, pigs and alligators

Answer 89

Skins

Question 90

Leather obtained from pelts of reptiles such as snakes and lizards

Answer 90

Kips

Question 91

Found on flatpack self assembly furniture products that allow the items to be assembled and disassembled many times

Answer 91

Knockdown fittings

Question 92

When wood is cut parallel to the grain direction and tangent to the growth rings

Answer 92

Plain/Tangential/Flat grain