Materials Flashcards
When board is cut parallel to the grain direction but through the radius of the growth rings
Quarter/Radial grain
When board is cut across the grain (perpendicular to the grain direction and the growth rings)
End grain
Basal stumps of incipient or cast off branches in the living tree
Knots
Small knots 1/2 (12.5mm) or under, often caused by the shedding of early branches
Pin knots
Knots sliced through their length during sawing, and commonly known as ‘slash’ knots
Spike/splay knots
Dead knots which are still sound and difficult to dislodge, and often ringed with resin in softwood
Encased knots
2 or 3 knots springing from a common center
Branched knots
Both the medullary ray and springwood cells of rung porous hardwoods are weaker than the remainder and built in tensions are created which tend to level out. Extensive splitting may occur in the weakest links
Shakes
Log splits from the pith or heart radially along the medullary rays
Radial shake
Project inwardly from a definite frost rib on the cambrium and are the result of severe weather
Frost shake
Soft springwood of the log splits away from the harder summerwood either during seasoning or through shearing stresses in the growing tree caused by old age, excessive bending under strong winds, intense heat
Tangential shakes
Failures are caused by compression and not by splitting or shearing
Cross shakes
Resin pockets that appear either as thin veins or shallow cavities filled with resin
Pitch veins, pitch pockets
Repeated damage to the cambium layer by small insects is often healed over with hark and may show as small dots or patches of brown cork deeply buried in some woods
Pith flecksr
Patches of ingrowing bark, probably caused by exterior damage to the growing tree
Rind galls
Normally the sapwood dies ring by ring, forming heartwood but on occassions patches of sapwood survive within the heartwood and show as lighter patches as sometimes seen in rio rosewood
Internal sapwood
Caused by fungal or insect attack irritating the cambium layers and resulting in large rapid growths, usually at the base of the tree or by numbers of small twigs which fail to develop owning to insufficient nourishment, forming a dense mass
Burls/burrs
Tissue formed over a wound in a tree resulting in unnatural growth incorporated in the normal wood growth.
Callus
Caused by fungoid disease
Canker
Partially heated fire scar
Catface
Plank hollows across the width, forming a rounding on the underface, often due to incorrect pilling
Cupping/rounding
Plank is curved like a bow throughout its length
Bowing
Sometimes known as edge bend, the wood remains flat but bends edgewise on its own plane
Springing
The plank twists on its longitudinal axis with the result that the long edges are straight but the diagonals are curved
Twisting
The butt end of the plank splits open, usually caused by too rapid drying but some species will always split
End splitting
Small splits along the grain caused by too rapid sun drying in hot sun
Sun checking
The surface of the wood lifts in innumerable small flakes or layes which spring under the cutting action, preventing a smooth surface
Flaking
Grains run obliquely to the longitudinal axis, usually due to incorrect sawing
Diagonal grain
If wood dried too quickly then the surfaces dry out at a rate quicker than the rate of movement of moisture by capillary attraction from the plank, with the result that the dry outer layers are in tension and the moist interior compression
Case hardening
Results in severe internal stresses and subsequent checking or disruption of the wood fibers not visible from the outside
Honeycombing
Too rapid kiln drying of green timber can result in flattening of the wood cells caused by vacuums created by the withdrawal of water to below fiber saturation point at a rate faster than it can be replaced by either air or livestream
Collapse
Made from resins dissolved in ethyl alcohol. Resin + ethyl alcohol
Clear lacquer
Made from various gum and resins dissolved in an oil or alcohol. Resins + oil
Varnish
Spirit varnish made by dissolving purified lac flakes in denatured alcohol. Lac flakes + denatured alcohol
Shellac
Transparent finish made of polyhydric alcohol esterified with oleic, linoleic, palmetic and stearic fatty acids and modified with tolyrene disocynate and mineral spirits
Polyurethane finish
Using boiled linseed oil or various other oils
Oil stain finish
achieved by brushing, rubbing or spraying processed fatty acids from animals and vegetables, mineral sources combined with alcohol
Wax or films
Dyes or pigments suspended in water or oil. It alters coloring of the wood or accentuates its natural color without covering the grain.
Wood stain finish
Results to lightening of the wood color to yellowish white and neutralizes the color making it noticeable
Bleach finish
Comparatively weak. Excellent for removing chemicals, dyes, ink and water stains deom wood surface if used full strength
Chlorinated laundry bleach
Best bleach to use not only on natural wood colors but also on many water and chemical stains
Oxallic acid
Finely ground, insoluble substance suspended in a liquid vehicle to impart color and opacity to a paint
Pigment
White lead, oxide, lithophane or titanium
White pigment
Derived from minerals or clay
Colored pigments
Whitting, talc, and silica
Extenders
Non volatile fluid in which the solid body material is suspended
Vehicles
Volatile liquid used to dilute paint or varnish to the desired or proper consistency for ease in application
Thinners
Added to the paint to accelerate the oxidation and hardening of vehicle
Driers
Made of thin veneer sheets glued together one on top of the other with grain of the sheets arranged crosswise. The number of layers is usually odd and the structure symmetric. 6/12/19mm THK. 4x8’
Plywood
Series of wood core strips glued together side by side to form a slab which is sandwiched between outer layers of veneer or thin plywood
Plyboards
Composed of wood chips carefully grades, mixed with synthetic resin glue and either pressed or extruded into rigid, self supporting sheets of uniform thickness which are sanded down to close tolerance
Particle boards
Vegetable fibers pressed together used for back panels and drawer bottoms
Fiber boards
Same construction as fiberboards except that it has a thin outer pressed melamine finish
Melamine boards
Becomes soft when heated & hard when cooled
Thermoplastic
Set into a permanent shape when heat & pressure are applied during the forming stage
Thermosetting
Composed of layers of craft paper impregnated with phenolic resins while the surface pattern which can be purely decorative in an infinite range of designs or an exact simulation of real wood grains is printed in a cover paper and coated with scratch resistant surface of melamine resin
Decorative plastic laminates
Composed mainly of iron with small additions of other metals or substances
Ferrous metals
Iron with traces of silicate. Easily worked and is tough and ductile. Screens, gates, grills, curtain rods
Wrought iron
Iron with small amounts of carbon, silicon, sulfur, etc. Cylinder blocks, piston rings, vice/vise bodies, fire backs, manhole covers
Cast iron
Iron with up to 0.3 percent carbon. Uses: general purpose metail used in bar, rods, sheet, rolled section and angle form; nuts, bolts, screws, tubing; furniture construction
Mud steel
Steel with chromium and nickle. Cutlery, furniture frames
Stainless steel
High resistance to corrosion. Sheet steel and metal lathe
Copper bearing steel
Lustrous, silverwhite, magnetic, lightweight metal which is very malleable, has good thermal and electrical conductivity. Kitchen utensils, furniture and fittings
Aluminum
Lustrous, reddish brown metal, highly ductile and malleable. Hot water pipes, electrical parts and decorative work
Copper
Soft, malleable, heavy metal. Easy to cut and work, enabling it to be fitted over uneven surfaces. Plumbing, flashing, container linings, weighting objects
Lead
Zinc plating
Galvanizing
Lustrous white soft and malleable metal having a low melting point and is relatively unaffected by exposure to air
Tin
Coating with a formulation based on a dissolved material which forms a transparent layer primarily after drying by evaporation of the solvent
Lacquering
Produced by an electrolytic oxidation process in which the metal is converted to a mainly oxide coating having protective, decorative, or functional properties
Anodizing
The process of using strong acid or mordant to cut into the unprotected parts of a metal surface to create a design
Etching
Technique used to work metal into a raised design or pattern by sinking the front surface
Chasing
Design is raised through the reverse side
Repousse
Heating metal to restore it to its softest possible working state
Annealing
Treating steel to improve its corrosion-resistance. The metal is heated to create an oxide skin and then quenched in oil
Bluing
Production of metal shapes by pouring molten metal into moulds
Casting
Forcing malleable materials thru holes to produce bars, sections or tubes
Extruding
Shaping hot metal by hammering
Forging
Producing maximum hardness in high carbon steel by heating it to bright cherry red, then quenching it in water or brine. This process makes metal brittle and is usually following by tempering
Hardening
Pulling ductule metals through holes in a plate, to reduce their cross sectional areas
Drawing
Methods of making permanent connection in metals by applying a molten alloy between the joint faces
Soldering and brazing
Climbing palm. It is preprocessed to produce round cores for making reed or wicker furniture.
Rattan
Rattan with a diameter of over 25mm and intermode of 250mm
Palasan
Rattan with a diameter of 15-25 mm
Tumalim
Rattan that is glossy, flexible, bright yellow when a diameter of less than 15mm but are rather light cream and all grades not included under the classification
Sika
Rattan with those diameters are less than 15mm but having a light cream appearance rather than bright yellow
Panlis
Woody grass with stems called culm that are cylindrical and generally separated by partitions or joints called nodes
Bamboo
Largest palm in the Phil. reaching a ht of 20 m
Buri
Leather from large animals like cows, carabaos, horses
Hides
Leather obtained from smaller animals like calves, sheep, goats, pigs and alligators
Skins
Leather obtained from pelts of reptiles such as snakes and lizards
Kips
Found on flatpack self assembly furniture products that allow the items to be assembled and disassembled many times
Knockdown fittings
When wood is cut parallel to the grain direction and tangent to the growth rings
Plain/Tangential/Flat grain
