Matching Definition Flashcards
Agricultural Revolution
change that took place roughly 10,000 years ago when humans first began to domesticate plants and animals, thereby making it eas-ier to live in permanent settlements.
administrative data:
demographic information derived from administrative records, including tax returns, utility records, school enrollment and participation in government programs
age-sex-specific death rate (ASDR)
the number of people of a given age and sex who died in a given year divided by the total, average midyear, number of people of that age and sex
Baby Boom
the dramatic rise in the birth rate fol-lowing World War II. In the United States it refers to people born between 1946 and 1964; in Canada it refers to people born between 1947 and 1966
checks to growth
factors that, according to Malthus, keep population from growing in size, including posi-tive checks and preventive checks
Columbian Exchange
the exchange of food, prod-ucts, people, and diseases between Europe and the Americas as a result of explorations by Columbus and others
census of population
: an official enumeration of an entire population, usually with details as to age, sex, occupation, and other population characteristics; defined by the United Nations as “the total process of collecting, compiling and publishing demographic, economic and social data pertaining, at a specific time or times, to all persons in a country or delimited territory
content error
an inaccuracy in the date obtained in a census; possibly an error in reporting, editing or tabulatin
coverage error
: the combination of undercount (the percentage of a particular group or total population that I inadvertently not counted in a census) and overcount (people who are counted more than once in the census)
communicable disease
disease a disease capable of being communicated or transmitted from person to person
crude death rate
the number of deaths in a given year divided by the total midyear population in that year
de facto population
the people actually in a given territory on the census day
de jure population
the people who legally ‘belong’ in a given area whether or not they are there on census day
demographic balancing equation:
the formula that shows that the population at time 2 is equal to the population at time 1, plus the births between 1 and 2, minus the deaths between 1 and 2, plus the in-migrants between time 1 and 2, minus the out-migrants between 1 and 2
Demographics
the application of demographic science to practical problems, any apllied use of popoulation statistics
Demography
Demography scientific study of human population
demographic change and response
: the theory that the response made by individuals to population pres-sures is determined by the means available to them.
demographic perspective:
a way of relating basic in-formation to theories about how the world operates demographically.
Demographic transition
: the process whereby a country moves from high birth and high death rates to low birth and low death rates with an interstitial spurt in population growth, accompanied by a set of other transitions, including the migration transition, age transition, urban transition, and family and household transition.
Doctrine:
a principle laid down as true and beyond dispute.
Easterlin relative cohort size hypothesis
cohort size hypothesis the per-spective that fertility is influenced less by absolute levels of income than by relative levels of wellbeing produced by generational changes in cohort size.
¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬epidemiologic transition
the pattern of long-term shifts in health and disease patterns as mortality moves from high levels, dominated by death at young ages from communicable diseases, to low levels, dominated by death at older ages from degenerative diseases—part of the health and mortality transition
force of mortality
the factors that prevent people from living to their biological imum
Graunt, John
Seventeenth century London haber-dasher who has become known as the “father of de-mography” for his pioneering studies of the regular patterns of death in London
high growth potential
the first stage in the demo-graphic transition, in which a population has a pat-tern of high birth and death rates.
incipient decline
the third (final) stage in the demo-graphic transition when a country has moved from having a very high rate of natural increase to having a very low (possibly negative) rate of increase.
Intercensal
the period between the taking of the census
infant mortality
rate the number of deaths to infants under one year of age divided by the number of live births in that year, and usually multiplied by 1,000
life expectancy
the average duration of life beyond a specific age, of people who have attained that age, calculated from a life table
life span
the oldest age to which an organism or species may live
Longevity
the ability to resist death, measured as the average age at death
Malthusian:
pertaining to the theories of Malthus, which state that population tends to increase at a geometric rate, while the means of subsistence in-crease at an arithmetic rate, resulting in an inade-quate supply of the goods supporting life, unless a catastrophe occurs to reduce (check) the population or the increase of population is checked by sexual re-straint.
maternal mortality
the death of a woman as a result of pregnancy or childbearing
Morbidity
the prevalence of disease in a population
Mortality
deaths in a population; one of the three basic demographic processes
mortality transition
the shift from deaths at younger ages due to communicable diseases to deaths at older ages due to degenerative diseases
Marxian:
pertaining to the theories of Karl Marx, which reject Malthusian theory and argue instead that each society at each point in history has its own law of population that determines the consequences of population growth.
means of subsistence:
the amount of resources (especially food) available to a opulation.
Mercantilism:
the view that a nation’s wealth de-pended on its store of precious metals and that gen-erating this kind of wealth was facilitated by population growth.
moral restraint
according to Malthus, the avoid-ance of sexual intercourse prior to marriage and the delay of marriage until a man can afford all the chil-dren his wife might bear; a desirable preventive check on population growth
natural increase
the excess of births over deaths; the difference between the crude birth rate and the crude death rate is the rate of natural increase.
neo-Malthusian
: a person who accepts the basic Malthusian premise that population growth tends to outstrip resources, but (unlike Malthus) believes that birth control measures are appropriate checks to population growth.
natural fertility
fertility levels that exist in the absence of deliberate, or at least modern, fertility control
noncommunicable disease
Disease that continues for a long time or recurs frequently
net reproduction rate (NRR)
a measure of generational replacement; specifically, the average number of female children that will be born to the female babies who were themselves born in a given year, assuming no change in the age-specific fertility and mortality rates and ignoring the effect of migration
opportunity costs
with respect to fertility, the things foregone in order to have children
period rates population data that refer to a particular year and represent a cross section of population at one specific time
population (or demographic) characteristics
those demographic traits or qualitites that differentiate one individual or a group from another, including, age, sex , race, etc.
population distribution
where the people are located and why
population growth or decline
How the number of people in a perticular place is changing over time
population processes
fertility, mortality, migration: dynamic elements of demographic analysis
population size
how many people are in a given place
population structure
HOW MANY MALES AND FEMALES THERE ARE IF EACH AGE
population explosion
a popular term referring to a rapid increase in the size of the world’s population, especially the increase since World War II
population implosion
a popular term referring (somewhat misleadingly) to the end of the popula-tion explosion, but more generally meaning a decline in population size.
positive checks:
a term used by Malthus to refer to factors (essentially mortality) that limit the size of human populations by “weakening” or “destroying the human frame
preventive checks
in Malthus’s writings, any limits to birth, among which Malthus himself preferred moral restraint.
principle of population:
the Malthusian theory that human population increases geometrically whereas the available food supply increases only arithmeti-cally, leading constantly to “misery
population register:
a list of all people in a country on which are recorded all vital events for each individual, typically birth, death, marriage, divorce and change of residence
proximate determinants of fertility
a renaming of the intermediate variables with an emphasis on age at entry into marriage and proportions married, use of contraception, use of abortion, and prevalence of breast-feeding
Rectangularization
refers to the process whereby the continuing decline in death rates at older ages means that the proportion of people surviving to any given age begins to square off at the oldest ages, rather than dropping off smoothly over all ages
Secularization:
a spirit of autonomy from other worldly powers; a sense of responsibility for one’s own well-being.
social capillarity:
Arsène Dumont’s term for the de-sire of a person to rise on the social scale to increase one’s individuality as well as one’s personal wealth
sample surveys:
a method of collecting data by obtaining information from a sample of the total population, rather than by a complete census
supply-demand framework
a version of neoclassical economics in which it is assumed that couples attempt to maintain a balance between the potential supply of and demand for children, taking into account the costs of fertility regulation
transitional growth:
the second (middle) stage of the demographic transition when death rates have dropped but birth rates are still high. During this time, population size increases steadily—this is the essence of the “population explosion”.
total fertility rate (TFR)
a synthetic cohort estimate of the average number of children who would be born to each woman if the current age-specific birth rates remained constant
usual residence
: the concept of including people in the census on the basis of where they usually reside.
vital statistics:
data referring to the so-called vital events of life, especially birth and death, but usually also including marriage, divorce and sometimes abortion
wealth flow
: a term coined by Caldwell to refer to the intergenerational transfer of income
