Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio 22-Unit 1 > Mastering > Flashcards

Mastering Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cells may store carbohydrates in the form of these cellular inclusions:

A

glycogen granules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the function of cilia in human cells?

A

Cilia beat rhythmically to move substances across the surface of the ciliated cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The inclusions that destroy protein are called

A

proteasomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Interstitial fluid is ? fluid outside the ? and the ?

A

extracellular/circulatory system/cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the name of the hollow interior of an organ?

A

Lumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which two fluid compartments make up the extracellular fluid?

A

Plasma and interstitial fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cell membranes are mainly constructed from ________.

A

lipids and proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Tay-Sachs disease, which results from accumulation of glycolipids that are normally broken down, is associated with malfunction of which cellular component(s)?

A

Lysosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the importance of having routine pap tests?

A

to screen for potentially cancerous cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

A rapid division and growth of cells that do not differentiate into specialized cells.

A

Cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cancerous cells that originate in one tissue can escape from that tissue and spread to other organs through the circulatory system and the lymph vessels

A

metastasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cancer cells can usually be recognized by

A

large cells with big nuclei and a small amount of cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which tissues would likely have cells with the greatest number of gap junctions?

A

Cardiac muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which tissue can generate electrical signals?

A

Smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Undifferentiated cells in a tissue that can become specialized cells of that tissue, but not of other tissues, are ________ cells.

A

multipotent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA duplication, or replication, take place?

A

Interphase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

When a double helix of DNA is replicated, two complete helices are formed. Together, these helices are called __________.

A

sister chromatids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

During which phase of mitosis do sister chromatids line up at the center of the cell?

A

Metaphase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

During which phase of mitosis do the sister chromatids move apart?

A

Anaphase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the name of the process by which the cytoplasm divides in two?

A

Cytokinesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

During which phase of mitosis do the nuclear envelope and nucleoli disappear?

A

Prophase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

During which phase of mitosis do nuclear envelopes and the nucleoli reappear?

A

Telophase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Functions of the cell membrane include

A

physical isolation, regulation of exchange with the environment, communication between the cell and its environment, and Structural support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Functions of epithelia include

A

controlling permeability, producing specialized secretions, providing physical protection, movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Glands that secrete hormones into the blood via tissue fluids are

A

endocrine glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Groups of tissues that carry out related functions may form structures known as

A

organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The term meaning programmed cell death is

A

apoptosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Chondrocytes are to ? as osteocytes are to ?

A

cartilage/bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How does the intracellular fluid compartment differ from the extracellular fluid compartment?

A

Potassium ions are more concentrated inside cells than in the extracellular space.

30
Q

If a swimmer cuts his foot on a seashell while wading in the ocean and bleeds into the seawater, his red blood cells (erythrocytes) will shrink. What does this tell us about seawater?

A

The seawater is hypertonic to the erythrocytes.

31
Q

How can a solution be hyperosmotic but hypotonic?

A

If the concentration of nonpenetrating solutes is less in the solution than in a cell

32
Q

What is the most important distinction between the membrane transporters known as channel proteins and those known as carrier proteins?

A

Channel proteins create water-filled passages for small molecules that do not bind to the protein. Carrier proteins transport larger molecules by binding to them.

33
Q

What properties must a molecule have to pass through a cell membrane by simple diffusion?

A

They must be small and/or lipophilic.

34
Q

the relationship between intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF)?

A

The types of solutes and their distribution between the ICF and ECF are not the same.

35
Q

You have a total body concentration of 900 mosmol dissolved in 3 liters of solution. If you added 0.5 liters of a solution with 150 mosmol of NaCl to the body, what would the new total body concentration be?

A

300 mOsM

36
Q

Channel proteins that can be opened or closed are called ____ channels.

A

gated

37
Q

Membrane receptors are involved in various types of cell signaling. Some membrane receptors function as _____ channels.

A

chemically gated

38
Q

Cell membranes are primarily made of _____ molecules.

A

phospholipid

39
Q

What type of membrane transporter would be activated by an action potential?

A

A voltage-gated channel

40
Q

What characteristic of transporters does the decrease in glucose transport in the presence of galactose demonstrate?

A

Competition

41
Q

What will happen to the cells of a patient who is provided with an intravenous solution that is isosmotic to intracellular fluids?

A

The question cannot be answered with certainty without knowing the identity of the solutes present in the IV solution.

42
Q

The membrane potential of most cells ________.

A

is negative, except when there is a change in membrane permeability to ions

43
Q

What force causes the bulk flow of fluids (gases and liquids)?

A

Pressure gradient

44
Q

Which neuron or groups of neurons are NOT considered to be a part of the efferent pathway?

A

sensory

45
Q

Nerve cells in the central nervous system are primarily

A

interneurons

46
Q

The cells that we are capable of controlling consciously are the _____ neurons.

A

somatic motor (somatic efferent)

47
Q

Somatic motor neurons control

A

skeletal muscles

48
Q

The part of the neuron that receives most of the incoming signals is the ________.

A

dendrite

49
Q

The small space between the sending neuron and the receiving neuron is the

A

synaptic cleft

50
Q

A molecule that carries information across a synaptic cleft is a

A

neurotransmitter

51
Q

When calcium ions enter the synaptic terminal,

A

they cause vesicles containing neurotransmitter molecules to fuse to the plasma membrane of the sending neuron.

52
Q

When neurotransmitter molecules bind to receptors in the plasma membrane of the receiving neuron,

A

ion channels in the plasma membrane of the receiving neuron open.

53
Q

If a signal from a sending neuron makes the receiving neuron more negative inside, the receiving neuron is (less/more) likely to generate an action potential.

A

less

54
Q

What would happen to the membrane potential if a cell suddenly becomes more permeable to Na+?

A

Depolarize

55
Q

What happens if a graded stimulus is of sufficient strength to reach threshold at the trigger zone?

A

An action potential occurs.

56
Q

Which two properties determine the conduction velocity in a mammalian neuron?

A

Axon diameter and the leak resistance of the membrane

57
Q

Which type of receptor would bind acetylcholine and be found in skeletal muscle?

A

Nicotinic cholinergic

58
Q

A stronger stimulus to a neuron results in ________.

A

larger voltage changes in graded potentials and greater frequency of action potentials produced in response

59
Q

Which ion would NOT cause the membrane potential to change from –70 mV to +30 mV?

A

Potassium ions leaving the cell.

60
Q

Where do most action potentials originate?

A

Initial segment

61
Q

What opens first in response to a threshold stimulus?

A

Voltage-gated Na+ channels

62
Q

What characterizes depolarization, the first phase of the action potential?

A

The membrane potential changes from a negative value to a positive value.

63
Q

What characterizes repolarization, the second phase of the action potential?

A

Once the membrane depolarizes to a peak value of +30 mV, it repolarizes to its negative resting value of -70 mV.

64
Q

What event triggers the generation of an action potential?

A

The membrane potential must depolarize from the resting voltage of -70 mV to a threshold value of -55 mV.

65
Q

What is the first change to occur in response to a threshold stimulus?

A

Voltage-gated Na+ channels change shape, and their activation gates open.

66
Q

The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are divisions of which system?

A

Autonomic nervous system

67
Q

Which glial cell produces myelin in the central nervous system?

A

Oligodendrocytes

68
Q

The multiple thin, branched structures on a neuron whose main function is to receive incoming signals are the

A

dendrites

69
Q

Neurotransmitters are released from the

A

axon terminals

70
Q

These glial cells act as scavengers.

A

microglia

71
Q

The pattern of synaptic connectivity where a large number of presynaptic neurons provide input to a single postsynaptic neuron, is known as

A

convergence

72
Q

The two varieties of adrenergic receptors are

A

alpha and beta.

Bio 22-Unit 1 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions