Lecture Notes Flashcards
0
Q
when we think about the “why”, the adaptive significance we are taking this approach to science (physiology)
A
Teleological Approach (function)
1
Q
in complex systems properties exist that cannot be predicted by knowledge of the systems individual parts
A
Emergent properties
2
Q
in contrast to teleological this approach answers the “how” questions
A
Mechanistic Approach
3
Q
Mass Balance = ?
A
existing body load + (intake or production) – (excretion or metabolic removal)
4
Q
How much of a substance in the body
A
Load
5
Q
Taking things into the body (usually through digestive system)
A
Intake
6
Q
Our bodies way of making things
A
Metabolic production
7
Q
diseases may be caused internally or externally
A
Pathophysiology
8
Q
Balancing intake and output. Amount of substance in body has to be constant, maintaining a level of balance.
A
Law of mass balance
9
Q
Eliminating things
A
Excretion
10
Q
Anything that’s a foreign substance in the body
A
xenobiotics
11
Q
Converting into something else
A
Metabolic removal
12
Q
Tracking the flow of a substance throughout the body from intake to output
A
Mass flow
13
Q
Rate at which something disappears from the body
A
Clearance
14
Q
New drug to determine concentration, effects, etc.
A
pharmokinetics
15
Q
Main clearance
A
kidneys, liver
16
Q
Represents the fluctuations above and below a set point (set point being the steady state trying to establish). Steady state does not equal equilibrium.
A
Dynamic constancy
17
Q
Implies that the composition/concentration of compartments are identical
A
Equilibrium
18
Q
Optimum value trying to maintain, average number body attempting to establish homeostasis around
A
Setpoint
19
Q
The two basic patterns are
A
local control and long distance reflex control
20
Q
Control System of setpoint: 3 component parts
A
- Input signal
- Integrating center
- Output signal»_space; response
21
Q
occurs in a small area of the body, restricted to a tissue or cell so that changes occur in the immediate vicinity (ex. release of vasodilating chemicals)
A
Local control
22
Q
long distance pathways using the
nervous system, endocrine system or both
A
Reflex control
23
Q
Response Loop
A
- stimulus
- sensor
- input signal
- integrating center
- output signal
- target
- response
24
evaluate the example of the aquarium water temperature used in the book; also examine antagonistic control like that of a heater and air conditioner (explore ANS and endocrine hormones)
Stimulus (Response Loop)
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feedback loops influence the response loop by
influencing the input portion of the response loop
| pathway
26
? are the simplest types of matter and consist of ?
Elements, atoms
27
The nucleus of an atom contains subatomic particles:
Protons (+ charge).
Neutrons (no charge).
Electrons (- charge).
28
Sum of the protons and neutrons. (the mass of a proton is equal to that of a neutron)
Atomic mass
29
Number of protons in an atom. (this indirectly tells us the number of electrons)
Atomic number
30
energy levels where electrons usually don’t pass. instead they occupy
space called orbitals within the energy level
Electron shells
31
First electron shell can contain
only 2 electrons. (1s orbital)
32
Second electron shell can contain
8 electrons. (2s and 2p orbitals)
33
Electrons in the outer most orbitals that participate in chemical reactions (typically if the
orbital is incomplete). These electrons form chemical bonds.
Valence electrons
34
Atomic number is the same, but atomic mass is different because the atom gains or loses
neutrons.
Isotopes
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when two or more atoms link together through the sharing or transfer of electrons
Molecules
36
Molecules composed of nonpolar covalent bonds are not H20 soluble.
Hydrophobic Interactions
37
molecules with polar regions or ionic bonds readily interact with polar regions of water. these molecules dissolve in water
Hydrophilic Interactions
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combination of solutes dissolved in a solvent
Solution
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any substance that dissolves in a liquid
Solute
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the liquid in which a solute is dissolving
Solvent
41
The concentration of a solution
| is
solute amount/volume of solution
42
a measure of how easily a solute dissolves in solution
Solubility. The more readily a solute dissolves the higher its solubility.
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a way to express solute [ ] as a percentage of the total solution
Percent Solution
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the number of moles of solute in a liter of solution (mol/L or M)
Molarity
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A molecule that can release protons (H+) to a solution. A proton donor.
acid
46
Often a negatively charged ion that can combine with H+, and remove it from solution.
base
47
the concentration of H+ in body fluids
pH
48
pH =
log (1/[H+])
49
blood pH < 7.35
Acidosis
50
blood pH > 7.45
Alkalosis
51
System of molecules and ions that act to prevent changes in [H+] as we continually add acids
to the body through metabolism.
buffers
52
Molecules that contain carbon and hydrogen
organic molecules and in the body
| they are biomolecules
53
combinations of elements attached to the carbon backbone
Functional groups
54
Found in organic acids (lactic, citric, and acetic acids). They can donate hydrogen ions.
Carboxyl group
55
Found in Alcohols (ethanol, methanol, etc).
Hydroxyl group
56
found in nucleic acids, used in energy transfer
Phosphate group
57
Two molecules may have exactly the same atoms arranged in same sequence, but differ in spatial orientation of a functional group.
Stereoisomers
58
isomers: right-handed
D (dextro)
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isomers: left-handed
L (levo)
60
Organic molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and serve as a major source of
energy
Carbohydrates
61
Simple sugars
Monosaccharides
62
2 monosaccharides joined covalently
Disaccharides
63
Numerous monosaccharides joined covalently
Polysaccharides
64
Subunits of nucleic acids bonded together to form long polynucleotide chains.
Nucleotides (Monomer)
65
single ring of carbon and nitrogen
Pyrimidines
66
two rings of carbon and nitrogen
Purines
67
Basis of genetic code. Deoxyribose covalently bonded to 1 of 4 bases.
DNA
68
Consists of a single long chain of nucleotides joined together by sugar-phosphate bonds.
RNA
69
three types of RNA
(messenger, transfer, and ribosomal
70
covalently bonds to 4 bases
Ribose
71
these are used for communication and the capture and transfer of energy
Single Nucleotide Molecules
72
fluid portion of blood
plasma
73
fluid surrounding cells of the body and in the tissue
| spaces
interstitial fluid
74
in biology refers to a tissue , but it also refers to the phospholipid bilayer of a cell or organelle
membrane
75
separates the intracellular and extracellular fluids
| of cells and intracellular membranes compartmentalize organelles
cell membrane or plasma membrane
77
Composition of mostly lipid and protein and the ratio varies depending on the functionality
Cell Membrane
78
structure is due to the
| hydrophobic/hydrophilic portions of the molecules
Double layer of phospholipids
79
found in all plasma membranes of higher organisms and adds flexibility to a
cell over a wide range of temperatures as well as prevents small water soluble molecules
from entering
Cholesterol
80
span (integral proteins) or partially span (peripheral proteins) the membrane and
allow the selective transport across the membrane along with other functions
proteins
81
Cell Membrane functions
1. transport – channels, carriers
2. enzymatic activity – act in metabolic pathways
3. receptors – bind neurotransmitters or hormones
4. intercellular joining – tight or gap junctions
5. cell to cell recognition – glycoproteins act as tags that other cells recognize
82
Sugars attached to proteins (glycoprotein) or lipids (glycolipid) form
glycocalyx
83
The basic unit of structure and function of the body.
The Cell
84
3 principal parts of the cell:
1. Cell membrane
2. Cytoplasm and organelles
3. Nucleus
85
Contains the genetic material (DNA) and Nucleoli
Nucleus
86
One or more structures that are centers for ribosome production
Nucleoli
87
The cytoplasm includes:
1. Cytosol
2. Inclusions
3. Protein Fibers
4. Organelles
88
Ribosomes produce
proteins
89
a type of inclusion; do not have membranes and therefore have direct contact with
the aqueous cytosol
Ribosomes
90
Ribosomes are made of
rRNA molecules (serve as enzymes (ribozymes) required for protein synthesis and protein components)
91
form the spindle apparatus, cilia, flagella, and centrioles.
Microtubules
92
Tiny hair-like structures that project from the surface of the cell
Cilia
93
Simple whip-like structure that propels sperm through its environment
Flagella
94
Five important functions of cytoskeleton
1. Cell Shape
2. Internal Organization
3. Intracellular Transport
4. Assembly of cells into tissues
5. Movement
95
Motor Proteins Create
Movement
96
Sites for energy production of all cells, Contain their own circular DNA
Mitochondria
97
Mitochondria Structure
Outer membrane: smooth. Inner membrane: cristae (folded structures).
98
Bears ribosomes on the surface and is active in protein synthesis
Granular (rough) ER
99
Provides site for enzyme reactions in steroid hormone production and inactivation as well
as fatty acid and lipid synthesis. Phospholipids are produced here and cholesterol is
modified into the steroid hormones
Agranular (smooth) ER
100
Stacks of hollow, flattened sacks called cisternae
Golgi Complex
101
Receiving side of Golgi Complex. Faces site for entry of vesicles from ER that contain cellular products.
Cis
102
Exiting side of Golgi Complex. Faces towards cell membrane and releases vesicles of chemically modified products.
Trans
103
modifies proteins, separates according to destination, and packages into vesicles
Golgi
104
? and ? compartmentalize mitochondrion space.
Cristae (contain ETC proteins), the mitochondrial matrix (innermost compartment where Krebs Cycle occurs)
105
membrane bound organelle containing over fifty different enzymes identified from various cell types
Lysosomes
106
A lysosome that contains only digestive enzymes (about 40 different enzymes) and it requires the pH of the organelle to drop to about 5 in order to activate the enzymes.
Primary Lysosome
107
Primary lysosome fuses with food vacuole or organelle. Contain partially digested remnants of other organelles and organic material.
Secondary Lysosome
108
Contain undigested wastes. (May be exocytosed or accumulate with age)
Residual body
109
Process that destroys worn-out organelles, so that they can be continuously replaced.
Autophagy (self eating)
110
one of forty lysosomal storage
diseases, results when a missing lysosomal enzyme is unable to degrade a glycolipid in nerve cell membranes of the brain. Lysosomes swell with undigested lipid, causing motor weakness, mental retardation, blindness, and death by a year and a half.
Tay-Sachs disease (common in Jewish population)
111
Membrane-enclosed organelle storing enzymes; smaller than lysosomes
Peroxisomes
112
converts the toxic H202 >> H20 + 02
Catalase
113
Oxidation of toxic molecules by peroxisomes is an important function of ? cells and lipid processing by peroxisomes is important to ?
liver and kidney, nerve cell membranes
114
contains the genes that code for the production of rRNA
DNA within nucleoli
115
Nucleolus produce
ribosomes
116
All of your genes. Roughly 25,000 genes.
Genome
117
Production of proteins
Proteome
118
can be spliced different ways (RNA splicing)
RNA coded by a gene
119
Combing proteins to give new proteins
polypeptide chains
120
Post translational modification. Modification of proteins. Added to proteins to give new proteins.
carbohydrates or lipids
121
Genetic material inside the nucleus. Non-dividing cell.
Chromatin
122
Chromatin that is on. Active in genetic transcription
Euchromatin
123
Uncoiling of euchromatin by adding carbon subunits.
Acetylation
124
Coiling back up by taking acetates away
Deacetylation
125
Chromatin within a nucleus that is off.
Heterochromatin
126
it’s estimated that about 300 genes out of the 25,000 are active in any given cell. This is
because cells become specialized in a process called ?.
differentiation
127
Differentiated cells come from
stem cells (embryonic tissue)
128
half of new molecule is part of old molecule
semiconservative replication
129
End caps, junk information
Telomeres
130
Cells that makes gametes
Germinal cells
131
found in germinal cells, cancer cells, any stem cell
telomerase
