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Bio 22-Unit 1 > Lecture Notes > Flashcards

Lecture Notes Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

when we think about the “why”, the adaptive significance we are taking this approach to science (physiology)

A

Teleological Approach (function)

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1
Q

in complex systems properties exist that cannot be predicted by knowledge of the systems individual parts

A

Emergent properties

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2
Q

in contrast to teleological this approach answers the “how” questions

A

Mechanistic Approach

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3
Q

Mass Balance = ?

A

existing body load + (intake or production) – (excretion or metabolic removal)

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4
Q

How much of a substance in the body

A

Load

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5
Q

Taking things into the body (usually through digestive system)

A

Intake

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6
Q

Our bodies way of making things

A

Metabolic production

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7
Q

diseases may be caused internally or externally

A

Pathophysiology

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8
Q

Balancing intake and output. Amount of substance in body has to be constant, maintaining a level of balance.

A

Law of mass balance

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9
Q

Eliminating things

A

Excretion

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10
Q

Anything that’s a foreign substance in the body

A

xenobiotics

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11
Q

Converting into something else

A

Metabolic removal

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12
Q

Tracking the flow of a substance throughout the body from intake to output

A

Mass flow

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13
Q

Rate at which something disappears from the body

A

Clearance

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14
Q

New drug to determine concentration, effects, etc.

A

pharmokinetics

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15
Q

Main clearance

A

kidneys, liver

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16
Q

Represents the fluctuations above and below a set point (set point being the steady state trying to establish). Steady state does not equal equilibrium.

A

Dynamic constancy

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17
Q

Implies that the composition/concentration of compartments are identical

A

Equilibrium

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18
Q

Optimum value trying to maintain, average number body attempting to establish homeostasis around

A

Setpoint

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19
Q

The two basic patterns are

A

local control and long distance reflex control

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20
Q

Control System of setpoint: 3 component parts

A
  1. Input signal
  2. Integrating center
  3. Output signal&raquo_space; response
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21
Q

occurs in a small area of the body, restricted to a tissue or cell so that changes occur in the immediate vicinity (ex. release of vasodilating chemicals)

A

Local control

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22
Q

long distance pathways using the

nervous system, endocrine system or both

A

Reflex control

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23
Q

Response Loop

A
  1. stimulus
  2. sensor
  3. input signal
  4. integrating center
  5. output signal
  6. target
  7. response
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24
Q

evaluate the example of the aquarium water temperature used in the book; also examine antagonistic control like that of a heater and air conditioner (explore ANS and endocrine hormones)

A

Stimulus (Response Loop)

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25
Q

feedback loops influence the response loop by

A

influencing the input portion of the response loop

pathway

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26
Q

? are the simplest types of matter and consist of ?

A

Elements, atoms

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27
Q

The nucleus of an atom contains subatomic particles:

A

Protons (+ charge).
Neutrons (no charge).
Electrons (- charge).

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28
Q

Sum of the protons and neutrons. (the mass of a proton is equal to that of a neutron)

A

Atomic mass

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29
Q

Number of protons in an atom. (this indirectly tells us the number of electrons)

A

Atomic number

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30
Q

energy levels where electrons usually don’t pass. instead they occupy
space called orbitals within the energy level

A

Electron shells

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31
Q

First electron shell can contain

A

only 2 electrons. (1s orbital)

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32
Q

Second electron shell can contain

A

8 electrons. (2s and 2p orbitals)

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33
Q

Electrons in the outer most orbitals that participate in chemical reactions (typically if the
orbital is incomplete). These electrons form chemical bonds.

A

Valence electrons

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34
Q

Atomic number is the same, but atomic mass is different because the atom gains or loses
neutrons.

A

Isotopes

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35
Q

when two or more atoms link together through the sharing or transfer of electrons

A

Molecules

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36
Q

Molecules composed of nonpolar covalent bonds are not H20 soluble.

A

Hydrophobic Interactions

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37
Q

molecules with polar regions or ionic bonds readily interact with polar regions of water. these molecules dissolve in water

A

Hydrophilic Interactions

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38
Q

combination of solutes dissolved in a solvent

A

Solution

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39
Q

any substance that dissolves in a liquid

A

Solute

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40
Q

the liquid in which a solute is dissolving

A

Solvent

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41
Q

The concentration of a solution

is

A

solute amount/volume of solution

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42
Q

a measure of how easily a solute dissolves in solution

A

Solubility. The more readily a solute dissolves the higher its solubility.

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43
Q

a way to express solute [ ] as a percentage of the total solution

A

Percent Solution

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44
Q

the number of moles of solute in a liter of solution (mol/L or M)

A

Molarity

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45
Q

A molecule that can release protons (H+) to a solution. A proton donor.

A

acid

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46
Q

Often a negatively charged ion that can combine with H+, and remove it from solution.

A

base

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47
Q

the concentration of H+ in body fluids

A

pH

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48
Q

pH =

A

log (1/[H+])

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49
Q

blood pH < 7.35

A

Acidosis

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50
Q

blood pH > 7.45

A

Alkalosis

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51
Q

System of molecules and ions that act to prevent changes in [H+] as we continually add acids
to the body through metabolism.

A

buffers

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52
Q

Molecules that contain carbon and hydrogen

A

organic molecules and in the body

they are biomolecules

53
Q

combinations of elements attached to the carbon backbone

A

Functional groups

54
Q

Found in organic acids (lactic, citric, and acetic acids). They can donate hydrogen ions.

A

Carboxyl group

55
Q

Found in Alcohols (ethanol, methanol, etc).

A

Hydroxyl group

56
Q

found in nucleic acids, used in energy transfer

A

Phosphate group

57
Q

Two molecules may have exactly the same atoms arranged in same sequence, but differ in spatial orientation of a functional group.

A

Stereoisomers

58
Q

isomers: right-handed

A

D (dextro)

59
Q

isomers: left-handed

A

L (levo)

60
Q

Organic molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and serve as a major source of
energy

A

Carbohydrates

61
Q

Simple sugars

A

Monosaccharides

62
Q

2 monosaccharides joined covalently

A

Disaccharides

63
Q

Numerous monosaccharides joined covalently

A

Polysaccharides

64
Q

Subunits of nucleic acids bonded together to form long polynucleotide chains.

A

Nucleotides (Monomer)

65
Q

single ring of carbon and nitrogen

A

Pyrimidines

66
Q

two rings of carbon and nitrogen

A

Purines

67
Q

Basis of genetic code. Deoxyribose covalently bonded to 1 of 4 bases.

A

DNA

68
Q

Consists of a single long chain of nucleotides joined together by sugar-phosphate bonds.

A

RNA

69
Q

three types of RNA

A

(messenger, transfer, and ribosomal

70
Q

covalently bonds to 4 bases

A

Ribose

71
Q

these are used for communication and the capture and transfer of energy

A

Single Nucleotide Molecules

72
Q

fluid portion of blood

A

plasma

73
Q

fluid surrounding cells of the body and in the tissue

spaces

A

interstitial fluid

74
Q

in biology refers to a tissue , but it also refers to the phospholipid bilayer of a cell or organelle

A

membrane

75
Q

separates the intracellular and extracellular fluids

of cells and intracellular membranes compartmentalize organelles

A

cell membrane or plasma membrane

77
Q

Composition of mostly lipid and protein and the ratio varies depending on the functionality

A

Cell Membrane

78
Q

structure is due to the

hydrophobic/hydrophilic portions of the molecules

A

Double layer of phospholipids

79
Q

found in all plasma membranes of higher organisms and adds flexibility to a
cell over a wide range of temperatures as well as prevents small water soluble molecules
from entering

A

Cholesterol

80
Q

span (integral proteins) or partially span (peripheral proteins) the membrane and
allow the selective transport across the membrane along with other functions

A

proteins

81
Q

Cell Membrane functions

A
  1. transport – channels, carriers
  2. enzymatic activity – act in metabolic pathways
  3. receptors – bind neurotransmitters or hormones
  4. intercellular joining – tight or gap junctions
  5. cell to cell recognition – glycoproteins act as tags that other cells recognize
82
Q

Sugars attached to proteins (glycoprotein) or lipids (glycolipid) form

A

glycocalyx

83
Q

The basic unit of structure and function of the body.

A

The Cell

84
Q

3 principal parts of the cell:

A
  1. Cell membrane
  2. Cytoplasm and organelles
  3. Nucleus
85
Q

Contains the genetic material (DNA) and Nucleoli

A

Nucleus

86
Q

One or more structures that are centers for ribosome production

A

Nucleoli

87
Q

The cytoplasm includes:

A
  1. Cytosol
  2. Inclusions
  3. Protein Fibers
  4. Organelles
88
Q

Ribosomes produce

A

proteins

89
Q

a type of inclusion; do not have membranes and therefore have direct contact with
the aqueous cytosol

A

Ribosomes

90
Q

Ribosomes are made of

A

rRNA molecules (serve as enzymes (ribozymes) required for protein synthesis and protein components)

91
Q

form the spindle apparatus, cilia, flagella, and centrioles.

A

Microtubules

92
Q

Tiny hair-like structures that project from the surface of the cell

A

Cilia

93
Q

Simple whip-like structure that propels sperm through its environment

A

Flagella

94
Q

Five important functions of cytoskeleton

A
  1. Cell Shape
  2. Internal Organization
  3. Intracellular Transport
  4. Assembly of cells into tissues
  5. Movement
95
Q

Motor Proteins Create

A

Movement

96
Q

Sites for energy production of all cells, Contain their own circular DNA

A

Mitochondria

97
Q

Mitochondria Structure

A

Outer membrane: smooth. Inner membrane: cristae (folded structures).

98
Q

Bears ribosomes on the surface and is active in protein synthesis

A

Granular (rough) ER

99
Q

Provides site for enzyme reactions in steroid hormone production and inactivation as well
as fatty acid and lipid synthesis. Phospholipids are produced here and cholesterol is
modified into the steroid hormones

A

Agranular (smooth) ER

100
Q

Stacks of hollow, flattened sacks called cisternae

A

Golgi Complex

101
Q

Receiving side of Golgi Complex. Faces site for entry of vesicles from ER that contain cellular products.

A

Cis

102
Q

Exiting side of Golgi Complex. Faces towards cell membrane and releases vesicles of chemically modified products.

A

Trans

103
Q

modifies proteins, separates according to destination, and packages into vesicles

A

Golgi

104
Q

? and ? compartmentalize mitochondrion space.

A

Cristae (contain ETC proteins), the mitochondrial matrix (innermost compartment where Krebs Cycle occurs)

105
Q

membrane bound organelle containing over fifty different enzymes identified from various cell types

A

Lysosomes

106
Q

A lysosome that contains only digestive enzymes (about 40 different enzymes) and it requires the pH of the organelle to drop to about 5 in order to activate the enzymes.

A

Primary Lysosome

107
Q

Primary lysosome fuses with food vacuole or organelle. Contain partially digested remnants of other organelles and organic material.

A

Secondary Lysosome

108
Q

Contain undigested wastes. (May be exocytosed or accumulate with age)

A

Residual body

109
Q

Process that destroys worn-out organelles, so that they can be continuously replaced.

A

Autophagy (self eating)

110
Q

one of forty lysosomal storage
diseases, results when a missing lysosomal enzyme is unable to degrade a glycolipid in nerve cell membranes of the brain. Lysosomes swell with undigested lipid, causing motor weakness, mental retardation, blindness, and death by a year and a half.

A

Tay-Sachs disease (common in Jewish population)

111
Q

Membrane-enclosed organelle storing enzymes; smaller than lysosomes

A

Peroxisomes

112
Q

converts the toxic H202&raquo_space; H20 + 02

A

Catalase

113
Q

Oxidation of toxic molecules by peroxisomes is an important function of ? cells and lipid processing by peroxisomes is important to ?

A

liver and kidney, nerve cell membranes

114
Q

contains the genes that code for the production of rRNA

A

DNA within nucleoli

115
Q

Nucleolus produce

A

ribosomes

116
Q

All of your genes. Roughly 25,000 genes.

A

Genome

117
Q

Production of proteins

A

Proteome

118
Q

can be spliced different ways (RNA splicing)

A

RNA coded by a gene

119
Q

Combing proteins to give new proteins

A

polypeptide chains

120
Q

Post translational modification. Modification of proteins. Added to proteins to give new proteins.

A

carbohydrates or lipids

121
Q

Genetic material inside the nucleus. Non-dividing cell.

A

Chromatin

122
Q

Chromatin that is on. Active in genetic transcription

A

Euchromatin

123
Q

Uncoiling of euchromatin by adding carbon subunits.

A

Acetylation

124
Q

Coiling back up by taking acetates away

A

Deacetylation

125
Q

Chromatin within a nucleus that is off.

A

Heterochromatin

126
Q

it’s estimated that about 300 genes out of the 25,000 are active in any given cell. This is
because cells become specialized in a process called ?.

A

differentiation

127
Q

Differentiated cells come from

A

stem cells (embryonic tissue)

128
Q

half of new molecule is part of old molecule

A

semiconservative replication

129
Q

End caps, junk information

A

Telomeres

130
Q

Cells that makes gametes

A

Germinal cells

131
Q

found in germinal cells, cancer cells, any stem cell

A

telomerase

Bio 22-Unit 1 (4 decks)

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