Master PRAXIS Deck Flashcards
__ __ is a french psychologist who created the first intelligence test.
Alfred Binet
__ is the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills
intelligence
__ __ is determined by a test. It corresponds to how well they did compared to other students their age
mental age
__ __ conducted studies to determine the average performance levels for different school aged groups. He put together a test that focuses on things that were not explicitly taught in schools (i.e. attention, memory, and problem solving skills). Doing this would remove teacher bias and to identify at-risk students
Alfred Binet
__ __ is a persons innate ability. It is calculated by dividing a person’s mental age group by their chronological age
IQ
the average score of an IQ test is __
100
__ __ disliked Binet’s idea of intelligence and believed it left out many students who arent traditionally book smart. He created the theory of multiple intelligences
Howard Gardner
__ __ is the examinee’s actual age
chronological age
__ __ is a principal beyond eugenics, resulted in artificial rather than natural selection for traits deems more acceptable by high-status Americans. It is unfair treatment of racial minorities
social darwinism
__ __ was interested in heredity, kinship, and the differences between people on a variety of characteristics. His theory was that individual specific characteristics are related to each other and this co-relations would be apparent in the way in which certain characteristics either appeared with others or changed with other
Francis Galton
the term eugenics was coined by
sir francis galton
__ __ is the American psychologist who sough out to limit the immigration of supposedly “inferior” people into the U.S. He began to test immigrants from Ellis Island
Henry Goddard
__ __ believed that intelligence tests should measure more than a single quantity. He created tests that were divided into 2 main sections - verbal based questions and nonverbal tasks
David Wechler
__ is the “movement” that refers to good genes and how the goal is to improve the genetic makeup of a population by reducing or eliminating allegedly inferior genes
eugenics
__ __ __ __: people can have many types of these (spatial, musical, body/kinesthetic, mathematical, interpersonal); they have different strengths and different ways of problem solving
the theory of multiple intelligences
the WISC is based on __ __ __ __: states thats cognitive tests tend to be positively correlated with one another, which suggests that performance on cognitive tests was determined by a common __ __ that was causing all cognitive tests to correlate
-Spearman’s General Intelligence Theory
-latent trait
__ __ __ __: is the direct opposite of Spearman’s theory; suggests that factor analysis is used to support that intelligence was made up of a rather large number of primary abilities
Thurstone’s Primary Mental Abilities
Is Thurstone’s Primary Mental Abilities hierarchical in nature?
no
what are some of the primary mental abilities as listed by Thurstone?
- Spatial/visual imagery
- Perceptual Speed
- Number (speed and accuracy in making arithmetic computations)
- Verbal Meaning (understanding ideas and meanings of words)
- Word Fluency (Speed in manipulating single and isolated words)
- Memory (Rote memory of words, numbers, letters, and other materials)
- Inductive Reasoning (Ability to abstract a rule common to a set of particulars).
What model is based off of belief that Spearman’s g and Thurstone’s primary
mental abilities were not mutually exclusive: Gf or fluid intelligence represented Spearman’s g in that it affects all types of problem solving? This model is also more related to physiological factors and more highly influenced by
genetic factors.
Cattell’s Theory of Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence
What theory is very similar to the Cattell-Horn theory of intelligence but it suggests a three-stratum structure of
cognitive abilities, with g at the top (Stratum III), followed by 8 Stratum II Broad factors, and then many narrow, or Stratum III factors?
Carroll’s Tour de Force/Three-Stratum Theory of Cognitive Abilities
What are the eight broad stratum II factors?
- Fluid intelligence
- Crystallized intelligence
- General Memory and learning
- Broad visual perception
- Broad auditory perception
- Broad retrieval ability
- Broad cognitive speediness
- Processing Speed
What theory defines intelligences as “the ability to solve problems, or to create products, that are valued within one or more cultural settings?”
Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences
What are the seven different intelligences proposed by Gardner?
- Linguistic
- Logical-mathematical
- Musical
- Spatial
- Bodily-kinesthetic
- Interpersonal
- Intrapersonal
the __ __ __ __ __ is a cognitive ability scale that is based on a theory that emphasizes general
intelligence, like Spearman. Intelligence is composed of four main abilities: verbal comprehension, perceptual
reasoning, working memory, and processing speed ability; it is used from ages 6:0 to 16:11
weschler intelligence scale for children
__ __ includes abilities such as auditory comprehension (listening and answering questions),
word knowledge (providing definitions of words), verbal reasoning (identify how two words are similar), and
verbal expressive abilities (retrieving and explaining general factual knowledge).
verbal comprehension
__ __ is an area that involves analyzing and synthesizing abstract stimuli (interpret pictures of block designs), visual-motor coordination (rearrange blocks according to designs), categorical reasoning
(identifying common characteristics in pictures), visual information processing (completing patterns), and concentration (identifying missing details).
perceptual reasoning
__ __ is the ability to use short-term memory, attention, and sequencing skills to mentally
manipulate information, such as remembering and repeating a string of digits forwards or backwards, or doing
math calculations without pen and paper.
working memory
__ __ involves the ability to use short-term memory, attention, and motivation to complete visual-motor and memory tasks within a short time period.
processing speed
the __ __ ___ is derived from a combination of ten core subtests and is considered the most representative estimate of global intellectual functioning.
Full Scale IQ
the __ __ __ __ __ __ __ is is a cognitive ability scale that is based on a theory that intelligence is composed of three main
abilities: verbal ability, performance ability, and processing speed; it is used for ages 2:3 to 7:3
Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI)
__ __ on the WPPSI is derived from three subtest
scores and includes abilities such as auditory comprehension and accessing background knowledge (listening
and answering vocabulary questions), word knowledge (providing definitions of words), and word reasoning
(ability to maintain attention, analyze, and synthesize information to complete missing information; example
item: “something you use to cover a cut on your finger”).
verbal ability
__ __ on the WPSSI is an area that involves
analyzing and synthesizing abstract stimuli (interpret pictures of block designs), visual-motor coordination
(rearranging blocks according to designs), categorical reasoning (identifying common characteristics in
pictures), and visual information processing (completing patterns).
performance ability
__ __ on the WPPSI involves the ability to
use short-term memory, attention, and motivation to complete visual-motor and memory tasks within a short
time period.
processing speed
the WPPSI also provides a __ __ composite score which reflects a student’s ability to recognize, comprehend, and
identify verbal directions and vocabulary, as well as access long-term memory for word retrieval.
general language
the __ __ __ provides a composite measure of conceptual and reasoning abilities, known as the General Conceptual Ability (GCA) score.
Differential Ability Scale (DAS)
The chief aim of the ___ was to
produce subtests that are individually interpretable and can stand technically as separate, specific measures of
various abilities
DAS
the cognitive battery of the DAS consists of 3 main clusters: __ __, __ __ __, and __ __
verbal ability
nonverbal reasoning ability
spatial abilities
the __ __ cluster of the DAS examines verbal knowledge, verbal reasoning, and concept identification (receptive
and expressive language); it measures the same dimension as the verbal subtests of the Wechsler scales and can
be considered to represent the Horn-Cattell crystallized intelligence (Gc) factor.
verbal ability
the __ __ __ cluster of the DAS is the core area examines pattern recognition skills, inductive reasoning, and information processing.
nonverbal reasoning ability
the __ __ cluster of the DAS assesses visual-spatial processing and the ability to reproduce spatial relationships of blocks and shapes from memory.
spatial abilities
the __-__ uses verbal and nonverbal routing, which increases the measurement precision by tailoring the difficulty of the items to the
examinee’s level of cognitive functioning.
SB-V
the __ is a test that is meant to estimate intelligence of individuals who experience undue difficulty in language or fine
motor skills; measures analogical reasoning, categorical classifications, and sequential reasoning
CTONI
the __ is a non-traditional cognitive processing test that assumes human conscious activity is a complex functional system that integrates four essential cognitive activities of the PASS theory (Naglieri).
Cognitive Assessment System (CAS)
What are the four essential processing components of the CAS?
Planning, Attention, Simultaneous Processing, and Successive Processing abilities (both information processing types).
__ on the CAS is the mental process of
developing and using strategies to solve problems or organize information.
planning
__ on the CAS is a mental process
whereby an individual must focus on particular stimuli for a period of time while inhibiting responses to distractions, such as selectively paying attention to one variable while excluding irrelevant information.
attention
___ processing on the CAS is a mental process by which an individual must integrate parts into a comprehensive whole, such as seeing several how pieces fit together or understanding how concepts are related.
simulatenous
__ __ on the CAS refers to the ability to work with stimuli in a specific order or comprehend ideas and information in a chain-like progression.
successive processing
the __ __ __ __ is a scale that can be used to identify children at risk for reading difficulties; It is designed to be used with children in kindergarten through fifth grade (5-10 years of
age) and it is composed of five main subtests: Rapid Automatic Naming-Letters (RAN-Letters), Phonological Processing, Speeded Naming, Word Reading, and Pseudoword Decoding.
early reading success indicator (ERSI)
the __ __ __ assess behaviors like: oppositional, cognitive/inattention problems, hyperactivity, anxious/shy, perfectionism, social problems, DSM-IV ADHD symptoms, family problems, emotional problems, conduct problems, anger control problems
conners’ rating scale
the ___ is an integrated assessment system used
to gather information about a child’s social, emotional, and behavioral functioning; assess externalizing problems, internalizing problems, school problems, adaptive skills, behavioral symptoms
BASC
the __ is an assessment tool that provides
measures of phonological awareness, phonological memory, and rapid naming; these three kinds of phonological processing abilities are important because they are instrumental in learning to read.
comprehensive test of phonological processing (CTOPP)
what are some examples of school/system-wide interventions that can be put in place?
Promoting safe school environments
Positive behavioral support
Bullying prevention
School climate assessment
Policy development
what are some classroom organization and management strategies we can implement?
Time management
Classroom rules
Physical environment
what are some individual and small group interventions we can implement?
social skills training
conflict resolution
what are some examples of school based intervention skills and techniques?
counseling (individual/group)
behavioral modification and ABA techniques
developmentally appropriate interventions
what are some crisis intervention and prevention strategies?
-planning of school/district-wide crisis management responses
-characteristics of safe schools
what are some child and adolescent psychopathology interventions we can implement?
symptom recognition
educational impact
support and interventions
basic knowledge of psychopharmacology
sign and symptoms of substance abuse
__ believes we cannot fully understand development without considering how a person fits into each of these levels: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, and macrosystem
bronfenbrenner
according to bronfenbrenner, the __ includes the everyday immediate environment in which people lead their daily lives.
This would include homes, caregivers, friends, and teachers
microsystem
according to bronfenbrenner, the includes the connections between various aspects of the microsystem. It binds children to parents, students to teachers, employees to bosses, neighbors, child-care centers, play groups.
mesosystem
according to bronfenbrenner, the __ includes the broader influences on behavior and development such as societal institutions
(government, community, schools, place of worship, and local media). They can have an immediate and major impact on personal development and affect how the microsytem and mesosytems operate.
exosystem
according to bronfenbrenner, the __ includes the larger cultural influences on an individual (types of government, society in
general, religious systems, political thought, and other broad factors).
macrosystem
the ___ approach emphasizes the INTERCONNECTEDNESS OF THE INFLUENCES ON DEVELOPMENT. A
CHANGE IN ONE PART OF THE SYSTEM CAN AFFECT OTHER PARTS OF THE SYSTEM. It also suggests
that changes in one environment may make little differences if other levels are not also changed.
bronfenbrenner
__ believed that knowledge is the product of direct motor behavior.
piaget
the __ stage within piaget’s theory occurs between 0-2 years of age; this stage includes: simple reflexes, first habits and primary reactions, secondary circular reactions, object permanence, tertiary circular reactions, beginnings of thought
sensorimotor
the __ __ stage within piaget’s theory occurs between 2-7 years of age; symbolic thinking grows, mental representation emerges, and the use of concepts increase; also includes: centrations, ecocentrism, incomplete understanding of transformation, intuitive thought, and conservation
pre-operational thinking
the __ __ stage within piaget’s theory occurs between 7 to 12 years old; this stage is characterized by the active and appropriate use of logic and there is no longer an influence solely by appearance; also include decentering and reversibility
concrete operational
the __ __ stage of piagets theory occurs around 12 years old and beyond; this stage people develop the ability to think abstractly.
formal operations
__ is a key element of thinking of children in this period. = The process of concentrating on
one limited aspect of a stimulus and ignoring other aspects (ex., a cat with a dog mask is a dog).
centration
___ Hallmark of preoperational period. __ thought is thinking that does not take
into account the viewpoints of other.
egocentrism
__ __ __ __: The inability to envision or recall successive transformations or stages. (Ex. Pencil falling)
incomplete understanding of transformation
__ __: This is primitive reasoning and avid curiosity. They believe they know the
answers but cannot back up their reasoning. Start to show awareness of identity (that people don’t change from boy to girl) and functionality
intuitive thought
___: This is the knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical
appearances of objects.
conservation
__: The ability to take multiple aspects of a situation into account because of being less
egocentric.
decentering
__: Understand that processes that transform a stimulus can be reversed (3 + 5 = 8 and 5 +
3 = 8)
reversibility
__ argues that in order to understand cognitive development, we must look at the social
aspects of development and learning. He believed that cognitive development proceeds as a result of social
interactions where partners jointly work to solve problems.
Vygotsky
__ __ __ __: the level at which a child can almost, but not fully, perform a task
independently, but can do so with the assistance of someone more competent.
zone of proximal development
__: The support for learning and problems solving that encourages independence and growth; this includes helping children think about and frame a task in an appropriate manner and providing clues to task completion that are appropriate to the child’s level of development.
scaffolding
__ __: Speech by children that is spoken and directed to themselves, and is used to guide
behavior and thought. By communicating with themselves through private speech, children are able to try out ideas, acting as their own sounding boards; Vygotsky suggests it facilitates children’s thinking and they use it to help them control their behavior. Peaks around 4 to 7.
private speech
__ __: A type of learning in which an organism responds in a particular way to a
neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response.
classical conditioning
__ was a Russian physiologist who was studying salivation in dogs and coined the terms related to conditioning
Pavlov
__ __: The process by which a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus
classical conditioning
__ __: Term for a stimulus that elicits a reflexive response in the absence of learning.
unconditioned stimulus
__ __: A reflexive response elicited by a stimulus in the absence of learning.
unconditioned response
__ __: Term for an initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned
response after being associated with an unconditioned stimulus.
conditioned stimulus
__ __: Term for a response that is elicited by a conditioned stimulus.
conditioned response
__: When a conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus,
the conditioned response disappears.
extinction
__-__ __: A procedure in which a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus
though association with an already established conditioned stimulus; May contribute to the formation of prejudices.
higher-order conditioning
___ Recognized the implication of Pavlonian theory and founded American behaviorism; believed that most fears are conditioned responses to stimuli that were originally neutral. Demonstrated that phobias can be taught (Little Albert being taught to be afraid of a rat).
watson
__ __: A form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or
weakened by its association with positive or negative consequences. Generally, responses are complex and not reflexive.
operant conditioning
__ __ believed that people learn to act deliberately on their environments in order to bring about desired
consequences. What we need to know to understand behavior are the external causes of an action and the
action’s consequences. Thus, he avoided assumptions about what an organism feels.
B.F. Skinner
__ __ __ __: Correct responses after trial and errors become “stamped in” when receive satisfying effect.
Thorndike’s Law of Effect
What are the 3 types of consequences?
neutral, reinforcement, punishment
a __ consequence neither increases or decreases the probability that a behavior will recur.
neutral
__ is the process by which a stimulus strengthens or increases the probability of the
response that it follows.
reinforcement
__ is the process by which a stimulus or event weakens the response that it follows, reducing
the probability of a response.
punishment
__ __: A procedure in which a response is followed by the presentation of, or
increase in intensity of, a pleasant stimulus (thus, response becomes stronger and more likely to occur).
positive punishment
__ __: A procedure in which a response is followed by the removal, delay, or
decrease in intensity of an unpleasant stimulus (thus, response becomes stronger or more likely to occur).
negative reinforcement
__ __: When a response is followed by the presentation of or increase in intensity of an
unpleasant stimulus (thus, response is less likely to occur).
positive punishment
__ __: when a response is followed by the removal, delay, or decrease in intensity of
a pleasant stimulus (response is less likely to occur).
negative punishment
__ __ and __: A stimulus that is inherently reinforcing or punishing, typically
associated with a physiological need or response (reinforcer = food, punishment = electric shock).
primary reinforcers and punishers
__ __ and __: A stimulus that has acquired reinforcing or punishing
properties through associations with other reinforcers or punishers.
secondary reinforcers and punishers
__: Is also a term in classical conditioning, meaning the weakening and eventual
disappearance of a learned response; in operant conditioning, it occurs when the response is no longer followed by a reinforcer.
extinction
__ __: When a response is first acquired, learning is usually most rapid if the
response is reinforced each time it occurs
continuous reinforcement
__/__ __ of __: A reinforcement schedule in which a particular response is sometimes but not always reinforced.
partial/intermittent schedule of reinforcement
__-__ __: Reinforcement occurs after a fixed number of responses. They
produce high rates of responding, although performance drops just after reinforcement (ex., selling a certain number of items before getting commission).
fixed-ratio schedule
__-__ __: Reinforcement occurs after some average number of responses,
but the number varies from reinforcement to reinforcement. These produce extremely high, steady
rates of responding, and the responses are more resistant to extinction (ex. slot machine).
variable-ratio schedule
__-__ __: Reinforcement occurs only if a fixed amount of time has passed.
Not very helpful in real world because after a reinforcer is delivered, often stop responding
altogether.
fixed-interval schedule
__-__ __: Reinforcement of a response occurs after a variable amount of
time has passed. Because the animal or person cannot predict when a reward will come,
responding is relatively low but steady.
variable-interval schedule
__: An operant kconditioning procedure in which successive approximations (behaviors that are
ordered in terms of increasing similarity or closeness to a desired response) of a desired response are reinforced. For example, if you want a dog to open the refrigerator, reward to for turning to fridge, reward for touching fridge, reward for grabbing rag on fridge, reward for pulling on rag, etc.
shaping
__ __: Conditioning techniques to teach new responses or to reduce or eliminate maladaptive or problematic behavior. Many behavior modification programs rely on the token economy. Tokens are secondary reinforcers that have no real value in themselves but are exchangeable for primary reinforcers or for other secondary reinforcers.
behavior modification
__ __: believed that a significant amount of learning is explained by Social-cognitive learning theory. In other words, we learn by observing the behavior of another person, called a model (bobo doll versus tinker toy experiment).
Albert Bandura
According to social learning theory, _ paves the way for more general rules and principles in a process called abstract modeling, where children begin to develop generalized principles that underlie the behavior they observe.
modeling
the __ __ is an approach that states that behavior is motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflicts that are generally beyond people’s awareness and control.
psychodynamic theory
__’s theory was that unconscious forces act to determine personality and behavior. Believed that development was mostly complete by adolescence. He also believed that one’s personality had three aspects: id, ego, and the superego
Freud
the __ is the raw, unorganized, inborn part of personality, present at birth, that represents primitive drives related to hunger, sex, aggression, and irrational impulses
id
the __ is the part of personality that is rational and reasonable
ego
the __ is the aspect of one’s personality that represents a person’s conscience, incorporating
distinctions between right and wrong.
superego
what are the 5 stages that Freud outlined for development?
- Oral (Birth to 12-18 months)
- Anal (12-18 months to 3 years)
- Phallic (3 to 5-6 years)
- Latency (5-6 years to adolescence)
- Genital (Adolescence to adulthood)
__ believed that developmental change occurs throughout our lives in eight distinct stages that the individual must resolve. He believes that no crisis is ever fully resolved, but we must address the crisis of each stage sufficiently to deal with demands in the next stages.
Erikson
what are Erikson’s 8 stages of development?
- Trust vs. mistrust (Birth to 12-18 months) INFANT
- Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (12-18 months to 3 years) TODDLER
- Initiative vs. Guilt (3 years to 5-6 years PRESCHOOLER
- Industry vs. Inferiority (5-6 years to adolescence) SCHOOL-AGED CHILD
- Identity vs. role diffusion (Adolescence)
- Intimacy vs. Isolation (YOUNG adulthood)
- Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle adulthood)
- Ego-Integrity vs. Despair (Late adulthood)
the __ __ is a perspective that contends that people have a natural capacity to make decisions about their lives and control their behavior. Each individual has the ability and motivation to reach more advanced levels of maturity, and people naturally seek to reach their full potential. Emphasis on Free Will = the ability of humans to make choices and come to decisions about their lives.
humanistic theory
__ __: Believed that all people have a need for positive regard that results from an underlying wish to be loved and respected. Because other people provide this positive regard, we are dependent on others and our view of ourselves and our self-worth is a reflection of how we think others view us.
carl rogers
__ __: The theory that seeks to identify behavior that is a result of our genetic inheritance from our ancestors.
evolutionary theory
__: proposed the evolutionary approaches that our genetic inheritance determines not only physical traits such as skin and eye color, but also certain personality traits and social behaviors.
darwin
what are the 4 sources of quality control in school psychological services?
- Ethics Codes
- Professional Standards
- Educational Law
- Credentialing/training program accreditation
___: he process by which an occupation, usually on the basis of a claim to special competence, obtains the exclusive right to perform a particular kind of work, to control training criteria and access to the profession, and to determine and evaluate the way the work is to be performed.
professionalism
the __ __ __ serves to protect the public by encouraging ethical conduct
code of ethics
an __ __ involves careful choices based on knowledge of codes and standards, ethical reasoning, and personal values. However, they are imperfect guides to behavior because: They are broad, abstract principles with some specific statements of appropriate professional conduct, Competing principles often apply to one situation, and sometimes may conflict with federal or state law, they tend to be reactive
ethical code
what are the NASP principles for professional ethics?
- Personal Competence
- Professional relationships with students, parents, the school, the community, other professionals,
trainees, and interns - Advocacy of the rights and welfare of the student/client
- Professional responsibilities in assessment and intervention * Reporting data and sharing results
- Use of materials and technology
- Research, publication, and presentation
- Professional responsibilities related to independent practice
what are the APA ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct?
- Introduction and Applicability
- Preamble
- General Principles
- Ethical Standards
Under the APA Ethical Principles and Code of Conduct, what falls under the ‘general principles?’
Beneficence and Nonmaleficence Fidelity and Responsibility
Integrity
Justice
Respect for People’s Rights and Dignity
Under the APA Ethical Principles and Code of Conduct, what falls under the ‘ethical standards?’
Resolving Ethical Issues
Competence
Human Relations
Privacy and Confidentiality
Advertising and Other Public Statements Record Keeping and Fees
what are the 4 broad ethical principles that school psychologists have to follow?
-respect for dignity of persons
-responsible caring
-integrity in professional relationships
-responsibility to community and society
the __ for the __ of __ is protecting the rights and welfare of children = top priority in
determining services, but also must protect rights of parents, teachers, trainees, and interns
respect for the dignity of persons
__-__ and __ states that school psychologists must respect the client’s right of choice to
enter, or to participate in, services except for in emergency situationsservices are based on
informed consent
self-determination and autonomy
__ and __ states that school psychologists must avoid undue invasion of privacy = do not seek or store personal information that is not needed in the provision of services to the client. Also, must inform clients about the limits of confidentiality.
privacy and confidentiality
__ and __ states that school psychologists must actively pursue awareness and knowledge of how cultural and experiential factors affect student’s development, behavior, and school learning.
fairness and nondiscrimination
