EPC Practice Test #2

Question 1

Every month, a school psychologist receives several referrals for special education evaluations from both parents and teachers. The latest referral involves a first-grade male student, but there is limited in-depth information about the student’s difficulties. In general, the referral describes a young male student who is well behaved in class, but he is struggling in many academic areas.

Question
Given the previous situation, what would be the first step to address the referral statement?

A.Call the parents to ascertain more information and get developmental history
B.Talk with the teacher, or referral source, to better define the problem
C.Ask the response-to-intervention (RTI) specialist about the types of interventions that have been employed
D.Review student records to ascertain how long the student has been struggling

Answer 1

B. Talk with the teacher, or referral source, to better define the problem

Question 2

Every month, a school psychologist receives several referrals for special education evaluations from both parents and teachers. The latest referral involves a first-grade male student, but there is limited in-depth information about the student’s difficulties. In general, the referral describes a young male student who is well behaved in class, but he is struggling in many academic areas.

Question
In the scenario described, the school psychologist interviews the teacher. The teacher mentions the student is periodically off task and does complete his assignments. However, the teacher cannot state precisely when the student is off task. The psychologist decides that it is important to conduct a formal observation on the student’s in-class behavior, but there are significant time constraints. What observational technique is best to employ in this situation?

A.Interval time sampling
B.Latency
C.Intermittent sampling
D.Duration recording

Answer 2

A. Interval time sampling

Question 3

Bullying and harassment are major problems in schools. Many times, administrators are required to have strict discipline codes to address bullying in their school. School psychologists play a pivotal role consulting with administrators and helping to mitigate bullying in schools.

Question
One of the first steps a school psychologist can take to address bullying issues in a school is to educate the administration about research related to this topic. A consulting school psychologist should emphasize which of the following concepts to a school’s administration?

A.Ninety percent of students have experienced bullying in grade school
B.Suspending students accused of bullying may have a disparate impact on minority students and special populations
C.The school resource officer should be consulted on all bullying cases
D.Restorative practices, although effective for social and emotional issues, are not as effective for bullying cases

Answer 3

B. Suspending students accused of bullying may have a disparate impact on minority students and special populations

Question 4

Bullying and harassment are major problems in schools. Many times, administrators are required to have strict discipline codes to address bullying in their school. School psychologists play a pivotal role consulting with administrators and helping to mitigate bullying in schools.

Question
Effective antibullying programs include all of the following except:

A.Widespread staff supervision of students
B.Programs to address bystander beliefs and behavior
C.Strict consequences for bullying behavior and zero-tolerance policies
D.Systems to build social skills and to address social skill deficits

Answer 4

C. Strict consequences for bullying behavior and zero-tolerance policies

Question 5

Bullying and harassment are major problems in schools. Many times, administrators are required to have strict discipline codes to address bullying in their school. School psychologists play a pivotal role consulting with administrators and helping to mitigate bullying in schools.

Question
A student is caught harassing a group of students in a younger grade. A school psychologist is asked to intervene. What is an effective approach to this situation?

A.It is best to start individual counseling, but maintain student confidentiality
B.Seek parental permission and then start counseling
C.Recommend a restorative practice approach to the parents and administration
D.Recommend group interventions, such as group counseling, for the victims

Answer 5

C. Recommend a restorative practice approach to the parents and administration

Question 6

A first-grade teacher asks for a consultation with the school psychologist. The teacher is concerned about a student named Jack. Jack has difficulty interacting with his peers, teases girls in class, and is frequently off task.

Question
In this example, the school psychologist decides to call a meeting with all relevant stakeholders, such as the teacher, parents, and administrator. This type of special consultation is called which of the following?

A.Conjoint behavioral consultation
B.Client-centered consultation
C.Consultee-centered consultation
D.Multisystemic consultation

Answer 6

A. Conjoint behavioral consultation

Question 7

A first-grade teacher asks for a consultation with the school psychologist. The teacher is concerned about a student named Jack. Jack has difficulty interacting with his peers, teases girls in class, and is frequently off task.

Question
During a consultation with staff and parents, the psychologist’s first step is to do what?

A.Review the Multi-Tiered System of Supports (MTSS) data on the problem
B.Define the problem as specifically as possible
C.Review interventions that have been previously implemented
D.Review the student’s records

Answer 7

B. Define the problem as specifically as possible

Question 8

A first-grade teacher asks for a consultation with the school psychologist. The teacher is concerned about a student named Jack. Jack has difficulty interacting with his peers, teases girls in class, and is frequently off task.

Question
The school psychologist in this example should be aware of factors that might diminish the effectiveness of the consultation process. The following are common barriers to effective consultation except which one?

A.A difficult relationship with outside agencies
B.Communication difficulties among parties involved in the consultation situation
C.Unclear or unfocused goals
D.Financial considerations

Answer 8

D. Financial considerations

Question 9

Jack has been in a school’s response-to-intervention (RTI) process for math difficulties. Students in this process are ranked on a 1 to 5 scale, with 5 being the highest classroom benchmark and 3 being the aim line. Jack’s data indicate that he scored a 2, 3, and 2 on the last three learning sessions. Also, Jack’s level of response to the instruction is about 30% correct per data set.

Question
In the situation described, which of the following choices would a school psychologist recommend to the teacher and support staff?

A.Focus more effort on increasing the student’s rate of correct responses
B.Modify the intervention by providing better prompts, additional modeling, and corrective feedback
C.Consider changing the type of intervention
D.Gradually increase the intervention using the last data point, which indicates a stalled trend and momentum

Answer 9

B. Modify the intervention by providing better prompts, additional modeling, and corrective feedback

Question 10

Jack has been in a school’s response-to-intervention (RTI) process for math difficulties. Students in this process are ranked on a 1 to 5 scale, with 5 being the highest classroom benchmark and 3 being the aim line. Jack’s data indicate that he scored a 2, 3, and 2 on the last three learning sessions. Also, Jack’s level of response to the instruction is about 30% correct per data set.

Question
When examining data in this situation, which of the following does not need consideration?

A.Is the percentage of correct responding below 85%?
B.Are the data highly variable?
C.Is the student from a low socioeconomic status (SES) community?
D.Are there two to three consecutive data points that fall below the aim line?

Answer 10

C. Is the student from a low socioeconomic status (SES) community?

Question 11

A school psychologist is asked to perform a focused assessment on a student suspected of having attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, combined type (ADHD-C). The psychologist already conducted a formal observation of the student in two classes, has administered a standardized broad-spectrum assessment, and interviewed the parents for developmental information.

Question
What other formal measure would you employ as part of your comprehensive evaluation?

A.Behavioral Assessment System for Children (BASC)
B.Working Memory Subtest from the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)
C.Behavior Rating Inventory for Executive Function (BRIEF)
D.The Primrose attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Test

Answer 11

C. Behavior Rating Inventory for Executive Function (BRIEF)

Question 12

A school psychologist is asked to perform a focused assessment on a student suspected of having attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, combined type (ADHD-C). The psychologist already conducted a formal observation of the student in two classes, has administered a standardized broad-spectrum assessment, and interviewed the parents for developmental information.

Question
In the situation provided, the Behavioral Assessment System for Children (BASC) teacher and parent forms show significant score variability. The teacher form reveals a T-score of 66, whereas the parent form illustrates a T-score of 78. How would you interpret these results?

A.While both forms show significant score differences, both sets of scores suggest the student has indications of an attention problem
B.Due to the significant score discrepancy, best practice is not to interpret the BASC results and put more emphasis on other measures to make a professional impression about attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
C.Both sets of scores, while discrepant, are still within the normal (average) range and do not indicate clinical concerns
D.The teacher form does not indicate high-level attention concerns, but the parent form shows substantial concerns

Answer 12

A. While both forms show significant score differences, both sets of scores suggest the student has indications of an attention problem

Question 13

A school psychologist, practicing in an affluent public school district, is notified by the district’s crisis team that an unfortunate situation has occurred. A seventh-grade student died from a self-inflicted injury late at night. The next morning, the psychologist is called to assist the crisis team at the student’s school. The administration has already been notified of the situation and they are awaiting support from the district crisis team.

Question
In the situation just described, the initial and primary concern is which of the following?

A.You must support and provide resources for the student’s family
B.You must locate the student’s classmates within the school and provide them support
C.You must debrief all staff about the situation before school starts
D.You must discuss and plan for contagion effects with school staff

Answer 13

D. You must discuss and plan for contagion effects with school staff

Question 14

A school psychologist, practicing in an affluent public school district, is notified by the district’s crisis team that an unfortunate situation has occurred. A seventh-grade student died from a self-inflicted injury late at night. The next morning, the psychologist is called to assist the crisis team at the student’s school. The administration has already been notified of the situation and they are awaiting support from the district crisis team.

Question
Which one of the following postvention intervention strategies is valid and effective?

A.Provide students with verifiable facts and several details about the suicide to mitigate rumors
B.It is important to make a special early-morning school-wide announcement to all students and staff to prevent rumors
C.With mental health staff on-site, a special school-wide assembly should be conducted to address contagion factors
D.Provide in-school resources and active counseling spaces for students who need additional support

Answer 14

D. Provide in-school resources and active counseling spaces for students who need additional support

Question 15

Michele is a student engaged in a school’s response-to-intervention (RTI) process for reading comprehension issues. When she started the RTI process, her baseline score was 3, which was considered below that of her same-aged peers. She is given weekly assessments to gauge her progress with reading comprehension. Michele’s scores are based on a 1 to 10 scale, with 10 being the highest and most positive score possible. Her scores for the past several weeks are 1, 5, 7, 7, and 10.

Question
What is the mean score in the given set of numbers?

A.7
B.5.5
C.5
D.6

Answer 15

D. 6

Question 16

Michele is a student engaged in a school’s response-to-intervention (RTI) process for reading comprehension issues. When she started the RTI process, her baseline score was 3, which was considered below that of her same-aged peers. She is given weekly assessments to gauge her progress with reading comprehension. Michele’s scores are based on a 1 to 10 scale, with 10 being the highest and most positive score possible. Her scores for the past several weeks are 1, 5, 7, 7, and 10.

Question
How would you interpret Michele’s mean score?

A.Her score is still below her peers
B.Her score indicates she has a reading comprehension problem
C.Her score indicates positive progress from her baseline
D.Her score suggests she should move to a special education evaluation

Answer 16

C. Her score indicates positive progress from her baseline

Question 17

A school psychologist is evaluating a sixth-grade male student named Cameron for special education services. The psychologist administers a full cognitive test battery (e.g., Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children [WISC]) and various social–emotional measures. The preliminary results are as follows: The full-scale standard score on Cameron’s cognitive test battery is 113 (SS-113). All major cognitive domains (indexes) were found to be within two standard score points of each other. The Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC) indicates that both the teacher and parent forms have T-scores above 69 within the attention domain. The semi-structured student interview reveals that Cameron follows the rules of the school, but he appears to follow these rules only to avoid punishment or gain rewards.

Question
Given the previous scenario, what preliminary statement can be made about Cameron’s overall cognitive ability?

A.Cameron’s standardized test score suggests that he might be gifted, but further information is needed to confirm this initial finding
B.Cameron’s cognitive ability is considered well within the average range
C.Cameron’s cognitive abilities are considered low average
D.Cameron’s cognitive abilities are situated within the high-average to above-average range

Answer 17

D. Cameron’s cognitive abilities are situated within the high-average to above-average range

Question 18

A school psychologist is evaluating a sixth-grade male student named Cameron for special education services. The psychologist administers a full cognitive test battery (e.g., Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children [WISC]) and various social–emotional measures. The preliminary results are as follows: The full-scale standard score on Cameron’s cognitive test battery is 113 (SS-113). All major cognitive domains (indexes) were found to be within two standard score points of each other. The Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC) indicates that both the teacher and parent forms have T-scores above 69 within the attention domain. The semi-structured student interview reveals that Cameron follows the rules of the school, but he appears to follow these rules only to avoid punishment or gain rewards.

Question
Based on the provided Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC) results, what is an accurate initial impression regarding Cameron’s attention?

A.Cameron’s attention scores are within the high-average range and indicate he might have attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
B.Cameron’s BASC T-scores place him in a category for significant attention problems, but more information is needed to confirm the presence of a disability
C.Cameron’s scores on the BASC are only elevated slightly above normal, so it is prudent to monitor his level of attention throughout the school year
D.Cameron’s scores on the BASC are well within the average range and both the teacher and parent forms confirm each other’s observations in two environments

Answer 18

B. Cameron’s BASC T-scores place him in a category for significant attention problems, but more information is needed to confirm the presence of a disability

Question 19

A school psychologist is evaluating a sixth-grade male student named Cameron for special education services. The psychologist administers a full cognitive test battery (e.g., Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children [WISC]) and various social–emotional measures. The preliminary results are as follows: The full-scale standard score on Cameron’s cognitive test battery is 113 (SS-113). All major cognitive domains (indexes) were found to be within two standard score points of each other. The Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC) indicates that both the teacher and parent forms have T-scores above 69 within the attention domain. The semi-structured student interview reveals that Cameron follows the rules of the school, but he appears to follow these rules only to avoid punishment or gain rewards.

Question
In addition to the assessment tools used in the previous example, what other assessments should be completed as part of a comprehensive evaluation?

A.A review of student records and a student observation
B.A parent interview and a behavioral checklist
C.A behavioral and emotional checklist
D.A parent interview and an adaptive/functional standardized assessment

Answer 19

A. A review of student records and a student observation

Question 20

A school psychologist is working with a first- grade student named Bill. Bill has a moderate level of autism and he is also suspected of having attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The psychologist’s current task is to teach Bill a classroom routine that involves several transitions. During the intervention, the psychologist conducts a task analysis and reduces the correct behavior into multiple smaller steps. The psychologist follows a systematic instructional technique called discrete trial instruction, with several repeated trials in a highly structured environment.

Question
In this situation, which behavioral technique is employed?

A.Applied behavior analysis and intervention
B.Cognitive behavioral therapy
C.Discrete behavioral analysis and intervention
D.Discrete behavioral modification

Answer 20

A. Applied behavior analysis and intervention

Question 21

A school psychologist is working with a first- grade student named Bill. Bill has a moderate level of autism and he is also suspected of having attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The psychologist’s current task is to teach Bill a classroom routine that involves several transitions. During the intervention, the psychologist conducts a task analysis and reduces the correct behavior into multiple smaller steps. The psychologist follows a systematic instructional technique called discrete trial instruction, with several repeated trials in a highly structured environment.

Question
Which one of the following choices is a key feature of an effective behavioral intervention plan?

A.The use of prompts
B.The use of negative reinforcers only after positive reinforcements have been attempted
C.The use of prompts and reinforcers during the initial training stages, then gradual employment of fading techniques
D.The use of response cost techniques after the target behavior is rehearsed and taught

Answer 21

C. The use of prompts and reinforcers during the initial training stages, then gradual employment of fading techniques

Question 22

A large suburban middle school has been having difficulty with reports of harassment directed toward students within the LGBTQIA+ community. The administration asks the counseling department and the school psychologist to implement a systems-wide intervention to address this problem.

Question
The school psychologist consults with the counseling department and suggests that teachers in the school teach a social–emotional learning (SEL) curriculum based on the Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning (CASEL) model in the classroom. Which one of the following components of the CASEL model would be best to emphasize during the classroom-wide instruction in this situation?

A.Self-awareness
B.Self-management
C.Responsible decision-making
D.Social awareness

Answer 22

D. Social awareness

Question 23

A large suburban middle school has been having difficulty with reports of harassment directed toward students within the LGBTQIA+ community. The administration asks the counseling department and the school psychologist to implement a systems-wide intervention to address this problem.

Question
Part of establishing an effective systems-wide intervention to address harassment is to build a culture that does not support bullying. To build an effective culture, which one of the following interventions is important to teach students?

A.Teach students how to increase their self-awareness
B.Teach students responsible decision-making
C.Teach students what a bystander is and how they can impact peer interactions
D.Teach students how to be assertive

Answer 23

C. Teach students what a bystander is and how they can impact peer interactions

Question 24

Sally is a third-grade student who has difficulty with task persistence and work completion. She is respectful to staff and does not have a history of behavioral problems. Parents report that her father recently lost his employment, and the family may have to move. Sally’s teacher and mother have requested assistance from the school psychologist.

Question
The school psychologist decides to conduct a functional behavioral assessment (FBA) on Sally to help inform a comprehensive intervention strategy. What are the initial steps in the FBA process?

A.Interview the parents, perform an observation, formulate an intervention plan, and evaluate the plan
B.Define the problem, perform an observation, develop a hypothesis, and formulate a plan
C.Develop a hypothesis, perform an observation, consult with the teacher, and formulate a plan
D.Interview the teacher, perform an observation, develop an intervention, and evaluate the plan

Answer 24

B. Define the problem, perform an observation, develop a hypothesis, and formulate a plan

Question 25

Sally is a third-grade student who has difficulty with task persistence and work completion. She is respectful to staff and does not have a history of behavioral problems. Parents report that her father recently lost his employment, and the family may have to move. Sally’s teacher and mother have requested assistance from the school psychologist.

Question
In the previous scenario, the school psychologist carefully crafts an intervention plan that is based on the functional behavioral assessment (FBA) results. The data suggest that Sally is socially motivated and she enjoys socializing with the friends she sits by during class. Which of the following intervention strategies is endorsed as an effective first strategy to use?

A.Implement an individually tailored response–cost plan
B.Employ a behaviorally based point and level system
C.Modify the immediate environment to promote on-task behavior
D.Provide immediate corrective feedback for off-task behavior

Answer 25

C. Modify the immediate environment to promote on-task behavior

Question 26

A rural school district has two curriculum tracks. One track is for college-bound students and one track is for vocational training. The vocational track is typically for students with limited financial means. This school district was sued because it violated the law regarding tracking students and denying access to courses for some students. In the final legal decision, the judge based his opinion on which landmark case?

A.Diane v. State Board of Education
B.Brown v. Board of Education
C.Hobson v. Hansen
D.Larry v. Riles

Answer 26

C. Hobson v. Hansen

Question 27

Which of the following are effective practices related to bullying and harassment policies?

A.Modify suspensions and refer students of concern to the school’s response-to-intervention (RTI) process
B.Face-to-face parent meetings and explicit policies that are easily accessible
C.The development of clear harassment policies and equitable punishment for bullies
D.Multi-Tiered System of Supports (MTSS) and restorative practices that include restitution and the learning of new skills for students who are bullying

Answer 27

D. Multi-Tiered System of Supports (MTSS) and restorative practices that include restitution and the learning of new skills for students who are bullying

Question 28

A psychologist is asked to collaborate and consult on a student with behavioral problems in the classroom. What are the basic steps of the behavioral model of consultation?

A.Consult with stakeholders, create a plan, implement the plan, and evaluate the plan
B.Consult with stakeholders, create a plan, implement the plan, and monitor the plan
C.Identify the problem, implement a plan, monitor the plan, and evaluate the plan
D.Identify the problem, consult with stakeholders, implement a plan, and evaluate the plan

Answer 28

C. Identify the problem, implement a plan, monitor the plan, and evaluate the plan

Question 29

Two mainstream cogitive test batteries are the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) and the Stanford–Binet. When these tests were being constructed, their overall full-scale scores were statistically analyzed and the scores were found to be highly correlated. What is the purpose of correlating overall scores on similar tests when creating them?

A.To establish validity
B.To establish convergent reliability
C.To establish predictive reliability
D.To establish the degree of similarity between tests

Answer 29

B. To establish convergent reliability

Question 30

When is response-to-intervention (RTI) data typically not used?

A.To identify a student’s learning problem or area of difficulty
B.To target intervention strategies
C.To help determine whether a student should be retained in a grade
D.To decide whether interventions are related to positive student outcomes (effectiveness)

Answer 30

C. To help determine whether a student should be retained in a grade

Question 31

Of all the consultation models typically employed in schools, which model is generally considered a highly effective practice model endorsed by the National Association of School Psychologists (NASP)?

A.Social-emotional consultation
B.Client-centered consultation
C.Consultee-centered consultation
D.Multilevel consultation

Answer 31

C. Consultee-centered consultation

Question 32

Aversive behavior modification techniques and restraining are legal in some states. What is considered best practice regarding aversive techniques such as restraining?

A.It is best practice never to employ aversive techniques in any situation
B.Aversive techniques should only be employed when safety is an issue
C.Use aversive techniques if such techniques are endorsed by your administration and school district
D.It is best practice to use aversive techniques with elementary students

Answer 32

B. Aversive techniques should only be employed when safety is an issue

Question 33

The Standard Response Protocol (SRP) is an important crisis response framework that is implemented nationwide in most school systems. The SRP provides schools with a common language that facilitates effective communication during crisis situations. Which one of the following is not part of the SRP language?

A.Escape
B.Hold
C.Secure
D.Lockdown

Answer 33

A. Escape

Question 34

A school psychologist analyzes response-to-intervention (RTI) data that have been collected on a student’s reading skills after the first 3 weeks of an intervention. The psychologist notes the RTI data demonstrates variability, with scores very low at certain times, but at other times the scores show significant gains. What is an accurate evaluation of this data?

A.The data are valid as all students show variability with new interventions
B.The data are valid and should be interpreted
C.The data are invalid and should not be used to make educational decisions
D.The data should be screened for confounding variables that are vital to consider

Answer 34

D. The data should be screened for confounding variables that are vital to consider

Question 35

ack is a ninth-grade student participating in a program that requires him to assist students with Down syndrome. With supervision from the special education teacher, Jack tutors other students in their life skills curriculum and attends field trips to the store so students can learn in the authentic environment. Which intervention strategy is being employed to help Jack build his empathy for others?

A.Behaviorism
B.Cognitive intervention
C.Authentic environmental intervention
D.Service learning

Answer 35

D. Service learning

Question 36

A district-level school psychologist is asked to lead a threat assessment on a high school student. The student was caught at school with pepper spray and a list of students targeted for revenge. The threat assessment team was thorough during the inquiry and confidential student information was shared with the administration and law enforcement. Parents were not present during the interview with the student of concern. Because a violent incident was averted and strict disciplinary action was taken against the student of concern, the parents of the targeted students were not notified. What potential legal violation is involved in this situation?

A.Since law enforcement was given confidential student information, the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) may have been violated
B.A duty-to-warn infraction occurred
C.Informed consent by the parents was not secured before the threat assessment
D.A psychologist cannot conduct a threat assessment on a student without the student’s parents or legal representation present

Answer 36

B. A duty-to-warn infraction occurred

Question 37

A parent of a sixth-grade student is suing a school district because the school psychologist tested the student 3 years back without parental consent. At the time of the evaluation, the psychologist called and left several messages for the parent asking her to provide consent for the child’s special education review (reevaluation), but the parent never returned the calls. The calls were documented in the student’s file. At a subsequent Individualized Education Program (IEP) annual meeting, the parent was concerned about the testing, but allowed services to continue for another 2 years. What is the most likely reason the parent’s lawsuit will not succeed?

A.The parents were informed of their rights at the meeting 3 years ago
B.The student did not demonstrate harm from the services provided
C.Schools do not need parental consent to test for reevaluation meetings
D.The psychologist made documented attempts to contact the parents and the parents ultimately knew about the services but did not file a complaint at that time

Answer 37

D. The psychologist made documented attempts to contact the parents and the parents ultimately knew about the services but did not file a complaint at that time

Question 38

A teacher who typically gives students large projects and assignments asks the school psychologist for help with two struggling students. The students are well behaved and do well in other classes, but they have difficulty completing work in her class. The psychologist’s approach and recommendation should include which of the following?

A.An observation and task analysis to recommend how to break larger tasks into smaller steps
B.A time interval observation and recommendation to the school’s Multi-Tiered System of Supports (MTSS) process
C.A review of academic records, followed by a consult with the parents
D.A narrative observation and recommendation to the school’s response-to-intervention (RTI) process

Answer 38

A. An observation and task analysis to recommend how to break larger tasks into smaller steps

Question 39

Which brain-based function is considered a basic neurocognitive process that is related to reading fluency and academic fluency?

A.Nonverbal reasoning
B.Verbal reasoning
C.Visual–spatial reasoning
D.Processing speed

Answer 39

D. Processing speed

Question 40

In addition to student motivation, school climate, and school policies, what is another factor in student success or failure?

A.Family involvement
B.Socioeconomic status
C.Gender
D.Standardized curriculum

Answer 40

A. Family involvement

Question 41

According to the Individuals With Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEIA), how much time does a special education team have to complete a formal evaluation if signed permission to proceed with an evaluation has been provided?

A.45 days
B.60 days
C.30 days
D.90 days

Answer 41

B. 60 days

Question 42

Deb was referred to a school’s special education team for a full evaluation. The referral centered on Deb’s below-average performance in reading and her lack of an age-expected response to reading interventions. While reviewing academic records and Deb’s performance on the Woodcock–Johnson Test of Achievement, the school psychologist notices that Deb struggles with quantitative concepts as well as reading. In addition to conducting a reading disorder evaluation, it would be appropriate to screen Deb for which specific disorder?

A.Dyslexia
B.Dyscalculia
C.Dysgraphia
D.Specific learning disability

Answer 42

B. Dyscalculia

Question 43

Student learning develops as targeted skills progress through phases. Which of the following processes is an accurate depiction of student learning?

A.Acquisition → proficiency → generalization → adaptation
B.Acquisition → practice → generalization → adaptation
C.Acquisition → proficiency → application → adaptation
D.Practice → proficiency → generalization → adaptation

Answer 43

A. Acquisition → proficiency → generalization → adaptation

Question 44

As a school psychologist, you are asked to help support a student who has significant neurologic impairments in the right hemisphere of the brain due to a stroke. As you consult with the teacher, you state that the student will most likely have which of the following learning problems?

A.Difficulty with memory for previously learned skills
B.Phonologic processing problems
C.Reading and spelling difficulties
D.Difficulty with novel problem-solving

Answer 44

D. Difficulty with novel problem-solving

Question 45

The information-processing model, originally created by cognitive psychologists, helps practitioners conceptualize how humans think and learn. Which of the following choices best illustrates the cognitive processing model?

A.Attention→ input → processing → long-term storage
B.Attention → decoding → processing → output
C.Processing → encoding → decoding
D.Attention → encoding → storage → decoding

Answer 45

D. Attention → encoding → storage → decoding

Question 46

A school psychologist is asked to evaluate a new cognitive abilities screening test for a middle school. In the technical manual, the psychologist notices the full-scale standard score of the new test has a statistical correlation of 0.68 with another well-respected cognitive test’s full-scale score. Given these details, you can make which of the following assumptions?

A.The new test has acceptable reliability
B.The new test has unacceptable reliability
C.The new test shows a moderate effect size
D.The new test shows at least moderate validity

Answer 46

D. The new test shows at least moderate validity

Question 47

Which law mandates that schools must keep strict and confidential records?

A.Individuals With Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
B.Federal Education Confidentiality Law of 1974
C.Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA)
D.The Individuals With Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2006 (IDEIA 2006)

Answer 47

C. Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA)

Question 48

A school psychologist is reviewing research about several new assessments for reading fluency. As the psychologist reviews the reliability data, they note there is significant variability in the correlations. Which of the following correlation coefficients depicts the strongest reliability?

A.0.96
B.−0.97
C.0.100
D.−0.450

Answer 48

B. −0.97

Question 49

A teacher alerts the school psychologist to a high school transgender student who has made suicidal comments during a class assignment. The psychologist meets with the student and decides that a full suicide assessment is prudent. Given this situation, it is critical to do which of the following?

A.Secure parent permission immediately and start a student clinical interview
B.Inform your school administrator that you are engaged in a priority assessment
C.Do not leave the student unsupervised during any part of the process
D.Immediately notify the parent(s) and conduct a suicide assessment with another mental health team member

Answer 49

C. Do not leave the student unsupervised during any part of the process

Question 50

A school psychologist typically discusses with parents a wide variety of behavioral and emotional disorders listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed., text rev.; DSM-5-TR). In one particular case, the psychologist evaluated a student who had significant attention problems. Both formal and informal measures indicated that the student had difficulty sustaining his concentration and he had been observed to fidget across multiple domains. During the parent meeting, the psychologist mentioned to the parents that their son had characteristics of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The parents wanted to know the research on ADHD. Which of the following choices is an appropriate research-based response about ADHD?

A.ADHD is diagnosed in approximately 17% of a school’s population
B.ADHD is overdiagnosed, but the parents could benefit from a consultation with their pediatrician
C.School psychologists do not diagnose ADHD, but rather school psychologists identify students with attention difficulties
D.ADHD is diagnosed more in males than in females

Answer 50

D. ADHD is diagnosed more in males than in females

Question 51

Cooperative learning is an effective teaching method. A chief benefit of cooperative learning is which one of the following choices?

A.Students increase their prosocial skills
B.Students increase their own learning by helping others and gain a greater understanding of individual learning differences
C.Cooperative learning techniques are more time efficient and effective than other teaching methods
D.Cooperative learning increases students’ concentration abilities as well as academic grades

Answer 51

B. Students increase their own learning by helping others and gain a greater understanding of individual learning differences

Question 52

Landon is a seventh-grade student suspected of having mild autism. When shown pictures of people engaging in various social interactions, the school psychologist asks Landon how each person in the picture feels. Landon has difficulty with this task and provides atypical responses. This informal task provides information related to which one of the following choices?

A.Theory of the mind
B.Objective point of view
C.Theory of subjectivity
D.Social skills deficit

Answer 52

A. Theory of the mind

Question 53

Brooke is a first-year psychologist practicing in a small public school district. A struggling teacher asks Brooke for a consultation regarding effective teaching practices. During her consultation, Brooke should not make which of the following statements to the teacher?

A.Try activating students’ prior knowledge before teaching new concepts
B.Provide corrective feedback to students during frequent practice sessions
C.Give additional homework as often as possible
D.Try to place new concepts within the students’ zone of proximal development

Answer 53

C. Give additional homework as often as possible

Question 54

A school psychologist is asked to help address a kindergartener’s difficult behavior. The teacher is new and the psychologist decides to personally address the problem. The psychologist directly teaches the student self-regulation skills. In this case, the psychologist is engaged in which type of consultation model?

A.Consultee-centered model
B.Student-centered model
C.Strength-based model
D.Client-centered model

Answer 54

D. Client-centered model

Question 55

When a formal ethical complaint is filed against a National Association of School Psychologists (NASP) member, NASP can take several potential actions. Which one of the following actions is not valid?

A.Expel the member from the NASP
B.Recommend the member seek additional training and skill building
C.Require the member to provide a formal apology
D.Revoke the license of the practitioner

Answer 55

D. Revoke the license of the practitioner

Question 56

The National Association of School Psychologists (NASP) encourages school psychologists to engage in direct and indirect services for children, families, and schools. Which one of the following is considered a central guiding document for supporting all students?

A.The NASP code of ethical practice
B.Individuals With Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
C.The National Certified School Psychologist guidelines
D.Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA)

Answer 56

D. Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA)

Question 57

Question
Which model of consultation focuses on building the teacher’s skills to address student problems in the future?

A.Consultee-centered model
B.Student-centered model
C.Strength-based model
D.Client-centered model

Answer 57

A. Consultee-centered model

Question 58

Which of the following choices are not typically associated with school-wide zero-tolerance policies?

A.Racial disproportionality and social justice issues
B.An increased incidence of suspensions and expulsions
C.Elevated dropout rates
D.Effective behavioral management

Answer 58

D. Effective behavioral management

Question 59

When engaged in a professional consultation situation, which of the following personality traits are important elements for success?

A.Empathetic and trustworthy
B.Assertive and knowledgeable
C.Reliable and kind
D.Efficient and respectful

Answer 59

A. Empathetic and trustworthy

Question 60

A school psychologist works as a private practitioner and is also employed by a large suburban public school district. A portion of this school district is very wealthy. During the summer months when the schools are closed, a parent asks the psychologist to complete a full cognitive assessment for her child, who attends a school that is different from where the psychologist works. The parent needs a full-scale cognitive test score so she can register her son at a private school. The parent is willing to pay the psychologist for the service. What should the school psychologist do in this situation?

A.A school psychologist can refer the parent to the school district’s special education coordinator
B.A school psychologist can accept this specific type of work if they are licensed and qualified to do so as a private practitioner
C.A school psychologist can inform the parent that the service she seeks is provided free of charge by the public school district her son attends
D.A school psychologist can never accept this type of work

Answer 60

B. A psychologist can accept this specific type of work if they are licensed and qualified to do so as a private practitioner

Question 61

School psychologists are often considered change agents in schools. They have knowledge and training in promoting system change. The evolution of change in the field of school psychology is observed in the movement from a focus on individual student deficits and remediation to which of the following?

A.A systems approach that supports all student learning, both academic and social–emotional, and provides indirect services
B.A direct approach to student intervention and accommodation
C.A consultation model that builds teacher skills
D.A school-level approach that focuses on prevention

Answer 61

A. A systems approach that supports all student learning, both academic and social emotional, and provides indirect services

Question 62

What is the primary difference between a curriculum-based assessment (CBA) and a curriculum-based measurement (CBM)?

A.CBM is a term used to describe a specific type of measurement used for reading intervention programs in a response-to-intervention (RTI) process
B.CBA is a term used to describe a broad assessment program or process, which may include CBMs or structured observations
C.A CBM is an assessment designed to measure the effectiveness of class-wide intervention programs
D.A CBA is specifically designed to evaluate a student for special education

Answer 62

B. CBA is a term used to describe a broad assessment program or process, which may include CBMs or structured observations

Question 63

Which of the following is the best example of a curriculum-based measurement (CBM)?

A.A student is given a nationally standardized test such as Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills (DIBELS). A standard score is derived and compared to national norms
B.A student is given a standardized math test at the beginning of a semester, then given the same test at the end of the semester. Results are compared for growth
C.A student reads a passage aloud for 2 minutes. The reading passage is from a classroom book that is part of the classroom’s curriculum. The number of words read correctly and incorrectly are counted and compared to the class average
D.A student is given a classroom reading test and the results are compared to the state’s standards for proficiency

Answer 63

C. A student reads a passage aloud for 2 minutes. The reading passage is from a classroom book that is part of the classroom’s curriculum. The number of words read correctly and incorrectly are counted and compared to the class average

Question 64

A school psychologist is counseling a second-grade student who is significantly concerned about her father’s recent unemployment. From Abraham Maslow’s perspective, the psychologist could say this student is coping with the aspects found at which level?

A.Love and belonging
B.Safety needs
C.Self-actualization
D.Primary needs

Answer 64

B. Safety needs

Question 65

During a confidential counseling situation, a high school student informs the school psychologist that the student’s uncle uses illegal drugs. The uncle does not live with the student but visits the student monthly. What should a school psychologist do in this situation?

A.Ask the student more questions to determine whether the student is in danger
B.Notify the administration
C.Consult with social services, without using names, to secure guidance about what to do and to stay in compliance with local laws
D.The psychologist is not required to do anything. However, it is best practice to call the parents, with student approval, and discuss the situation openly

Answer 65

C. Consult with social services, without using names, to secure guidance about what to do and to stay in compliance with local laws

Question 66

What is the recommended guideline when collecting baseline response-to-intervention (RTI) data?

A.There should be no new highs (spikes) or lows for three consecutive data points
B.You should collect student baseline data for at least 2 weeks
C.Eighty-five percent of your baseline data should be at least 15% below the class average
D.Fifteen percent of your baseline data should be at least 85% below the class average

Answer 66

A. There should be no new highs (spikes) or lows for three consecutive data points

Question 67

Trauma-informed care is an emerging area of practice that is emphasized by the National Association of School Psychologists (NASP). What are the four aspects of trauma-informed care?

A.Recognize, plan, react, monitor
B.Plan, intervene, respond, report
C.Realize, recognize, react, relate
D.Realize, recognize, respond, resist retraumatization

Answer 67

D. Realize, recognize, respond, resist retraumatization

Question 68

A school psychologist is asked to impact a school system by implementing a school-wide literacy program. At a meeting with various stakeholders, the school psychologist discusses the “goodness-of-fit” between the intervention and the school. The school psychologist considers the cost, duplication of programming, and the skills of the implementers for the new program. At which stage of implementation is the school psychologist engaged in this example?

A.Adoption
B.Initial implementation
C.Dissemination
D.Critical review

Answer 68

C. Dissemination

Question 69

Students who have an external-locus-of-control perspective typically have difficulty in school and in life. An external locus of control is most closely aligned with which of the following?

A.Display of helplessness
B.Learned helplessness
C.Inhibition difficulties
D.Executive functioning problems

Answer 69

B. Learned helplessness

Question 70

Although token economies are effective systems to use in behavioral modification programs, what is a complaint often stated by teachers regarding these methods?

A.Token economies need relevant reinforcers to work effectively
B.Token economies are generally effective for younger elementary students, not older students
C.Token economies are sometimes cumbersome to implement and maintain
D.Token economies do not maintain the target behavior once withdrawn

Answer 70

C. Token economies are sometimes cumbersome to implement and maintain

Question 71

When collecting and analyzing data on student behavior, which three aspects of the target behavior should psychologists emphasize in their analysis?

A.Intensity, variability, and duration
B.Intensity, duration, and frequency
C.Duration, quantity, and quality
D.Duration, frequency, and quality

Answer 71

B. Intensity, duration, and frequency

Question 72

Which type of counseling technique or therapy has a substantial amount of research to support its effectiveness and is widely adopted by mental health practitioners?

A.Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
B.Cognitive-emotional therapy
C.Rational-emotive therapy
D.Psychoeducational support

Answer 72

A. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

Question 73

Generally speaking, a student might have an intellectual disability (ID) if the student has subaverage scores on an adaptive/functional assessment and a below average full-scale standard score on a mainstream cognitive test battery. Which standard score on a cognitive test battery is typically associated with ID?

A.SS-84
B.SS-80
C.SS-75
D.SS-69

Answer 73

D. SS-69

Question 74

What is an example of an accommodation for a student who struggles with reading fluency?

A.Having the student point to pictures of answers instead of writing answers about an assigned reading text
B.Having the student take a reading test that is more aligned with their level of reading
C.Allowing extra time for the student to read assignments or tests
D.Allowing the student to read books at their level of cognitive ability

Answer 74

C. Allowing extra time for the student to read assignments or tests

Question 75

When conducting a problem-solving and ecologic assessment, what four components should psychologists examine?

A.The school environment, student records, formal assessments, and student learning styles
B.The school environment, home environment, community environment, and interpersonal skills
C.Instruction, curriculum, environment, and learning style
D.Informal assessments, formal assessments, cognitive abilities, and gender

Answer 75

C. Instruction, curriculum, environment, and learning style

Question 76

A school psychologist is providing emotional support and counseling services for a student struggling with gender and peer conflict issues. The student has been recently diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD). The psychologist is likely to engage in several effective approaches and techniques to help the student. Which of the following techniques would the psychologist not likely use with this student?

A.Cognitive restructuring
B.Flooding
C.Social skills development
D.Relaxation skills

Answer 76

B. Flooding

Question 77

Related to response-to-intervention (RTI) practices, the pattern of change in a student’s behavior across time can be best described as which of the following?

A.Level
B.Trend
C.Variability
D.Reliability

Answer 77

B. Trend

Question 78

According to cognitive behavioral theorists, learning is supported by mental representations of new concepts merging with a person’s existing mental concepts. In this example, existing mental concepts are called:

A.Visualizations
B.Neurocognitive representations
C.Imprints
D.Schemata

Answer 78

D. Schemata

Question 79

Which critical law or case law states that special education students must have a manifestation meeting to review placement if they are suspended for more than 10 days?

A.Buckley Amendment to the Family Education Act
B.Lau v. Nichols
C.Larry P v. Riles
D.Honig v. Doe

Answer 79

D. Honig v. Doe

Question 80

Prior written notice must be given to parents for which of the following?

A.When a special education student is assessed for suicide
B.A change of service or educational programming
C.When a special education student is suspended
D.When a special education student is assessed for a threat

Answer 80

B. A change of service or educational programming

Question 81

A school psychologist is asked to test a female student suspected of having a learning disability. The female student only speaks a few words of English, but she is fluent in Spanish. When the psychologist conducts an assessment, it is prudent to do which of the following?

A.When using an interpreter, the interpreter should be certified by the National Association of Interpreters and speak both languages proficiently
B.If a cognitive test battery is employed, only use tests that are normed on a Spanish normative group
C.Use informal measures as well as appropriately normed standardized assessments
D.Use parent interviews, teacher data, and developmental history

Answer 81

C. Use informal measures as well as appropriately normed standardized assessments

Question 82

What is the primary difference between punishment and negative reinforcement?

A.Punishment increases a desired behavior by decreasing undesired behavior, whereas negative reinforcement does not
B.Negative reinforcement increases behavior, whereas punishment decreases behavior
C.Negative reinforcement decreases desired behavior, whereas punishment decreases undesired behavior
D.Punishment and negative reinforcement are functionally the same terms

Answer 82

B. Negative reinforcement increases behavior, whereas punishment decreases behavior

Question 83

A school psychologist is asked to perform an intervention for all students in an affective needs program. The psychologist uses modeling and role-playing because these are key intervention techniques that are used to address various student difficulties. Of the following choices, modeling and role-playing are considered particularly important interventions for which type of issues?

A.Depression
B.Trauma
C.Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
D.Social skills deficits

Answer 83

D. Social skills deficits

Question 84

A fourth-grade student was referred to a school psychologist due to low academic performance. In addition to the Multi-Tiered System of Supports (MTSS) data and informal measures, the psychologist decides that a full cognitive test battery is appropriate to administer. At the initial special education meeting, the psychologist meets with the parents. What is best practice when describing the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) results to the parents?

A.Start with interpreting the individual subtests, and then explain the global score
B.Start with interpreting the global score, and then explain major index scores
C.Only provide and interpret the global score
D.It is generally good practice only to describe areas of concern and below-average scores

Answer 84

B. Start with interpreting the global score, and then explain major index scores

Question 85

Which of the following behavioral reinforcement schedules has shown to be effective, but it is most difficult to modify the behavior once established using this technique?

A.Fixed-ratio reinforcement
B.Mixed-ratio reinforcement
C.Variable-ratio reinforcement
D.Fixed-interval reinforcement

Answer 85

C. Variable-ratio reinforcement

Question 86

A middle school administrator calls the school psychologist into a conference with a student’s parents at the end of the school year. The student in question has been struggling this year and has failed many classes. On state assessments, the student has scored significantly below the standards for her grade level. The parents are worried about moving their daughter to high school because she does not have adequate academic skills. What would be a good recommendation for the school psychologist to make in this situation?

A.Administer the Light’s Retention Scale to see whether the student qualifies for grade retention
B.Recommend remediation in core subject areas at the high school and allow the student to take a few elective courses
C.Seek additional information to determine whether other factors are involved in the student’s struggles that may necessitate Multi-Tiered System of Supports (MTSS) or special education services
D.Recommend summer school to make up for failed courses instead of grade retention

Answer 86

C. Seek additional information to determine whether other factors are involved in the student’s struggles that may necessitate Multi-Tiered System of Supports (MTSS) or special education services

Question 87

School psychologists are consulted on crisis topics, plans, and interventions. Which one of the following statements is regarded as the best approach to crisis preparation?

A.Crisis interventions should address individuals, groups, and systems
B.Crisis prevention measures should be emphasized, developed, put in place, and practiced
C.Postvention measures should be rehearsed and considered part of a systematic response to crisis
D.Building-level crisis teams should be created and work seamlessly with district-level crisis teams

Answer 87

B. Crisis prevention measures should be emphasized, developed, put in place, and practiced

Question 88

School psychologists typically consult with several educational specialists and must know some of the concepts and terms from other professional disciplines. In one situation, a school psychologist is told by a speech–language pathologist that a fifth-grade student frequently makes grammatical mistakes in class. For example, during a conversation, the student stated, “To car we the go.” When the school psychologist consults with the teacher, the area of concern is focused on the student’s _______.

A.Semantics
B.Syntax
C.Phonologic awareness
D.Phonemic awareness

Answer 88

B. Syntax

Question 89

Which one of the following is the best response regarding barriers for school psychologists becoming effective system change agents?

A.Lack of time and/or resources within schools to do the heavy workload
B.Prioritizing individual assessments and interventions over system consultation
C.Implicit bias when considering equity and social justice issues
D.All of the above choices are valid barriers for school psychologists

Answer 89

D. All of the above choices are valid barriers for school psychologists

Question 90

A school psychologist is asked to complete a social and emotional evaluation for a fifth-grade female student who has behavioral problems, but average grades. Which of the following assessment approaches will be most effective?

A.Administer the Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC) and the Woodcock–Johnson Test of Cognitive Abilities
B.Interview the parent to gather key developmental history and conduct a student interview
C.Conduct a functional behavioral assessment (FBA) and administer a brief cognitive test
D.Give the BASC behavior assessment and conduct an FBA observation

Answer 90

D. Give the BASC behavior assessment and conduct an FBA observation

Question 91

After a formal evaluation, a school psychologist determines that a second-grade student has a standard score of 80 on a well-known executive function assessment. As the psychologist consults with the student’s teachers and parents, the psychologist describes executive function traits, such as initiation, impulse control, organization, flexibility, and attention. The school psychologist also states that many executive functions are highly correlated to which brain region?

A.Occipital lobe
B.Frontal lobe
C.Global neurocognitive function
D.Temporal lobe function

Answer 91

B. Frontal lobe

Question 92

A student is receiving special education services for mild dyscalculia. The special education team leader has placed this student in a class designed for students with significant needs. The special education teacher reasons that it is better to “overserve” a student with mild needs than it is to underserve such students. In this case, which legal aspect of special education law does the teacher run the risk of violating?

A.Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA)
B.Least-restrictive environment (LRE)
C.Individuals With Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
D.Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA)

Answer 92

B. Least-restrictive environment (LRE)

Question 93

There are some system-wide practices in schools that may be ineffective and related to inequity. Which one of the following terms, concepts, or practices is considered a major threat to equity and social justice?

A.Multi-Tiered System of Supports (MTSS) and response-to-intervention (RTI) practices
B.Special education inclusion practices
C.Section 504 plans
D.Disproportionality

Answer 93

D. Disproportionality

Question 94

A school psychologist conducts an evaluation for a gifted high school student. During the interview, the student is found to be highly opinionated and states that she wants to follow a defined occupational path as a criminal lawyer. The student thinks criminal lawyers have a socially desirable image. According to Erik Erikson, this student is navigating which stage of development?

A.Adolescent versus preadolescent stage
B.Initiative versus shame and guilt
C.Identity versus role confusion
D.Industry versus inferiority

Answer 94

C. Identity versus role confusion

Question 95

When conducting a comprehensive special education evaluation, school psychologists are required to use which of the following items?

A.Valid and informal assessment data
B.Multiple informal and formal sources of information
C.Standardized and formal tests
D.Response-to-intervention (RTI) and observational data

Answer 95

B. Multiple informal and formal sources of information

Question 96

When is it legal to disclose the confidential records of a student to a third party (e.g., outside the school)?

A.When a medical doctor requests student records and a student health issue exists
B.When your school administrator directs you to disclose confidential records
C.When you are ordered to do so by a police officer
D.When there is a safety issue involved

Answer 96

D. When there is a safety issue involved

Question 97

A school psychologist is asked to design a positive behavioral intervention and support (PBIS) plan for the school. Which one of the following PBIS aspects is not an effective plan feature?

A.Establish and define clear and consistent expectations
B.Acknowledge students for demonstrating the expected behaviors
C.Staff uses objective data to make informed decisions about interventions
D.Parents should feel welcome to help students and volunteer at school

Answer 97

D. Parents should feel welcome to help students and volunteer at school

Question 98

When initially entering into a mental health counseling situation with a student, a school psychologist needs to carefully explain the limitations of confidentiality. When is it not appropriate to breach confidentiality with a high school student?

A.When the student mentions that she has thoughts of scratching herself to relieve tension
B.When the student gives permission to breach confidentiality
C.When the student is thinking about fighting another student in the parking lot
D.When a student tells you she is gay

Answer 98

D. When a student tells you she is gay

Question 99

A student who receives special education services brought a knife to school. The student claims that he forgot the pocket knife was in his backpack, which he had taken on a fishing trip with his father over the weekend. It is important to note that the student has been suspended for 2 days earlier this year for bullying issues. In the current situation, the student was suspended for 10 days. What violation of this student’s rights occurred?

A.A special education student cannot be removed from school for more than 5 days, in total, without a review meeting
B.A special education student cannot be suspended for more than 7 consecutive days without a manifestation review
C.A special education student must have a special review meeting or manifestation meeting if suspended, in total, 10 days or more
D.Special education students cannot be expelled but they can be enrolled in another school that better addresses their needs

Answer 99

C. A special education student must have a special review meeting or manifestation meeting if suspended, in total, 10 days or more

Question 100

A second-grade teacher asks a school psychologist to help with a student named Amy. Amy needs to develop her reading skills. The teacher stated that Amy is a fluent reader, but her comprehension is below that of her peers. Which comprehension reading strategy would the psychologist recommend?

A.Lindamood-Bell Reading Intervention
B.Survey, question, read, recite, and review (SQ3R)
C.Wilson Reading Remediation Program
D.Woodcock–Johnson Reading Intervention Program

Answer 100

B. Survey, question, read, recite, and review (SQ3R)

Question 101

A school psychologist is asked to determine whether a child qualifies for special education services under the identification of intellectual disability (ID). The psychologist already completed a cognitive assessment using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC). Which one of the following should the psychologist also complete to help in the formal evaluation?

A.Woodcock–Johnson Test of Achievement
B.Differential Ability Scales
C.Vineland Adaptive/Functional Assessment
D.Beery–Buktenica Developmental Test

Answer 101

C. Vineland Adaptive/Functional Assessment

Question 102

A school psychologist is conducting a training for school staff on the topic of school violence. A staff member asks about the role of violent television shows and video games. The psychologist responds that children can learn aggressive behaviors by watching violent movies or by observing the actions of others. The psychologist’s comments are based on studies conducted by which psychologic researcher?

A.Abraham Maslow
B.B. F. Skinner
C.Albert Bandura
D.Jean Piaget

Answer 102

C. Albert Bandura

Question 103

A student has been identified with learning problems and is placed in a small group to help remediate the student’s math difficulties. In which tier of the response-to-intervention (RTI) process would a school psychologist find this type of intervention?

A.Tier 1
B.Tier A
C.The formal intervention tier
D.Tier 2

Answer 103

D. Tier 2

Question 104

According to the Virginia Model of Threat Assessment, what are the three qualitative identification levels for threats?

A.Low, medium, and high
B.Nonsignificant, insignificant, and imminent
C.Transient, substantive, and imminent
D.Low, medium, and significant

Answer 104

C. Transient, substantive, and imminent

Question 105

Interviewing is an important means to collect informal data. Which interview technique has a high degree of validity and allows for additional questioning?

A.Semi-structured interview
B.Structured interview
C.Flexible interview
D.Standardized interview

Answer 105

A. Semi-structured interview

Question 106

Which one of the following approaches is considered a highly effective teaching practice (pedagogy)?

A.Explicit and brief approach to presenting information
B.Explicit and systematic approach to presenting information
C.Repetition and practice of new information
D.Exposure and rehearsal of new concepts

Answer 106

B. Explicit and systematic approach to presenting information

Question 107

In a response-to-intervention (RTI) process, Tier-2 (Level 2) interventions are generally associated with which of the following?

A.Intensive interventions
B.Benchmark interventions
C.5% to 8% of the student population
D.Strategic interventions for at-risk students

Answer 107

D. Strategic interventions for at-risk students

Question 108

Before administering a new psychologic assessment, it is reasonable for a school psychologist to do which of the following?

A.Complete a formal training course on the new test
B.Give the new test to students, but report the scores as informal measures until proficiency is achieved
C.Practice with the new test and be supervised by a colleague familiar with the test until proficient
D.Watch a training video and practice with the new test until proficient

Answer 108

C. Practice with the new test and be supervised by a colleague familiar with the test until proficient

Question 109

A school psychologist is counseling students who sacrifice sleep to play hours of continuous video games. The psychologist informs the students that they might develop which of the following problems?

A.Antisocial personality disorder
B.Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)–inattentive type
C.Aggressive tendencies and poor social skills
D.Difficulties with memory and learning

Answer 109

D. Difficulties with memory and learning

Question 110

In which of the following situations would a school psychologist tell a teacher that the technique of “time-out” is appropriate to employ?

A.When a child blurts out answers in class despite being told twice to stop
B.When a student with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) starts to have difficulty focusing on the task at hand and needs a break
C.When a student with oppositional defiant disorder is socializing during a test
D.When a student moves around the room without permission during a teacher’s presentation of a new concept

Answer 110

B. When a student with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) starts to have difficulty focusing on the task at hand and needs a break

Question 111

During a traumatic event, children may experience a wide variety of emotions and reactions. When actively intervening with students who may have been exposed to a trauma, or a crisis situation, school psychologists should screen for what type of mental health issue?

A.Contagion effects
B.Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
C.Depression
D.Anxiety

Answer 111

B. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Question 112

A parent is demanding that her son be placed in an Individualized Education Program (IEP) because he has a formal diagnosis of schizophrenia. The student’s pediatrician also recommended an IEP and wrote a prescription for one. Despite the mother’s concern, the student’s medication appears to be effective in managing his disorder and he is able to make educational progress at school. What is the school psychologist’s response to the parent?

A.If there is no educational or social impact, then a formal IEP may not be appropriate
B.Legally, a medical diagnosis and recommendation from the doctor must be honored
C.Although the school is not legally obligated to provide an IEP in this situation, it is good practice to provide special education support
D.Students with schizophrenia should be provided formal supports and an IEP, especially to prevent the student’s difficulties from getting worse within the school environment

Answer 112

A. If there is no educational or social impact, then a formal IEP may not be appropriate

Question 113

What type of behavioral intervention is recommended for a student with a phobia involving insects?

A.Emotional exposure therapy
B.Cognitive behavioral therapy
C.Systematic desensitization
D.Functional behavioral analysis and intervention

Answer 113

C. Systematic desensitization

Question 114

According to the law, what is the primary difference between special education law (Individuals With Disabilities Education Act [IDEA]) and Section 504?

A.Functionally, there is no difference as both laws regulate services for students with disabilities
B.Section 504 is for students who have physical disabilities, not learning disabilities
C.Section 504 is for students who only have mental health disorders
D.Section 504 is a part of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, which prohibits discrimination based on disability, whereas IDEA is a separate law related to special education

Answer 114

D. Section 504 is a part of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, which prohibits discrimination based on disability, whereas IDEA is a separate law related to special education

Question 115

For which of the following disorders is anxiety a prevalent characteristic?

A.Bipolar disorder
B.Personality disorder
C.Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
D.Mood disorder

Answer 115

C. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Question 116

Schools generally favor behavioral techniques based on B. F. Skinner’s theories. Which one of the following statements best describes Skinner’s beliefs?

A.Behavior is shaped by rewards
B.Behavior is influenced by a person’s family environment
C.Behavior is shaped by consequences that immediately follow the behavior
D.Punishment is not an effective means to modify behavior

Answer 116

C. Behavior is shaped by consequences that immediately follow the behavior

Question 117

Michele, a third-grade student, struggles to read at grade level. Teachers believe that Michele’s reading skills are a full year below her grade. Michele’s family is collaborative and they want direct support for Michele, but they are struggling financially and had to move twice in the past 2 years. The parents and teachers are worried that Michele will fall further behind in her reading development. In a consultation situation, what should the school psychologist recommend?

A.The psychologist should recommend a special education evaluation based on the Child Find law
B.The psychologist should recommend an after-school tutoring program and connect the family with community support services
C.The psychologist should make a formal recommendation to the school’s response-to-intervention (RTI) team
D.The psychologist should tell the student’s team to focus initially on building the student’s phonologic processes

Answer 117

C. The psychologist should make a formal recommendation to the school’s response-to-intervention (RTI) team

Question 118

Catherine is a school psychologist who has been practicing for 3 years. She shares a job with another psychologist named Sean. Catherine recently discovered that Sean has been giving money to other staff for referrals to his private counseling practice. Many of the students Sean counsels for a fee are regular education students at the high school. What should Catherine do in this situation?

A.File a grievance with the National Association of School Psychologists’ (NASP’s) ethical board
B.Inform the school’s administrator
C.Discuss the situation with Sean directly and file a grievance if the practice does not cease
D.Remind Sean that support services can be provided for free by the school

Answer 118

C. Discuss the situation with Sean directly and file a grievance if the practice does not cease

Question 119

Which analysis is not included in the three levels of an effective response-to-intervention (RTI) data analysis?

A.Analysis of the trend of the data
B.Analysis of the level of the data
C.Analysis of the quantity of the data
D.Analysis of the variability in the data

Answer 119

C. Analysis of the quantity of data

Question 120

What famous landmark case, also known as the antisegregation law, ruled that public schools could not segregate based on race?

A.Hobson v. Hansen
B.Brown v. Board of Education
C.Rowley v. Board of Education
D.Larry P. v. Riles

Answer 120

B. Brown v. Board of Education

Question 121

A teacher tells her class that they can have 10 minutes of free computer time to play recreational games if they complete their short math assignment first. What behavioral principle is this teacher employing to motivate her students?

A.Positive reinforcement
B.Skinner’s principle
C.Premack principle
D.Contingency reward

Answer 121

C. Premack principle

Question 122

A school psychologist is counseling a regular education high school student who has been caught using his brother’s attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medication. The parent believes her son is distraught because he was denied admission to a selective college that he wanted to attend. When the psychologist meets with the student, the student is told that he has control of how he chooses to respond to the situation. Which counseling theorist emphasizes that people can always choose how to respond to difficult situations?

A.Viktor Frankl
B.Sigmund Freud
C.Carl Rogers
D.Abraham Maslow

Answer 122

A. Viktor Frankl

Question 123

School psychologists are increasingly asked to support students with several different types of difficulties, especially concussions. If a student sustains a hit to the back of the head and sustains a mild concussion, what difficulties should you expect and how should you support the student within the school environment?

A.The student will most likely have headaches, visual difficulties, and light sensitivity. The school psychologist should allow for frequent rest breaks and support the student at school as symptoms slowly resolve
B.The student will most likely have headaches. The school psychologist should allow the student to stay at home until the student’s headaches have fully resolved
C.The student will most likely have fine motor difficulties and be prone to anger outbursts. The school psychologist should allow the student to stay home until all symptoms are resolved
D.The student will most likely have difficulty with talking and walking. The school psychologist should collaborate with parents and not allow the student to return until completely symptom free

Answer 123

A. The student will most likely have headaches, visual difficulties, and light sensitivity. The school psychologist should allow for frequent rest breaks and support the student at school as symptoms slowly resolve

Question 124

What is the appropriate number of interns that a school psychologist supervisor can oversee at a time?

A.One
B.Two
C.Three
D.Four

Answer 124

B. Two

Question 125

On most mainstream cognitive tests, a T-score of 64 is considered to be within which range?

A.Above average
B.Average
C.Below average
D.Significantly below average

Answer 125

A. Above average