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Earth Science > Mass Wastings > Flashcards

Mass Wastings Flashcards

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1
Q

Landslides are linked to many other _______

A

natural hazards

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2
Q

Landslide benefits:

  • disturbances increase ______
  • provide ________ in steep terrain
A
  • ecological diversity

- habitable terraces

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3
Q

Slopes are dynamic evolving systems and are the products of _____ and ____

A
  • evolving
  • substrate
  • climate
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4
Q

Fatalities due to landalides 1900-2015

A

almost 70,000

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5
Q

slopes fail when ________ exceed the strength of the ____ or ____ that comprise the slope

A
  • gravitational forces
  • rock
  • soil
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6
Q

Slopes fail when they are _______ or _____

A
  • oversteepened

- debuttressed

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7
Q

slope zones of weakness develop due to certain combinations of _______ and _______ accumulation over impermeable _________ layers

A
  • soils/bedrock
  • groundwater
  • silt and clay
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8
Q

Landslides are classified by:

A
  • type of material
  • type of motion
  • rate of movement
  • water content
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9
Q

unconsolidated material is ______ and consolidated material is ______ and ______

A
  • loose
  • cohesive
  • adhesive
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10
Q

Role of water in landslides:

  • adds ____ to slope
  • decreases _______
  • clay minerals become hydrated and _____ with high pore pressure
  • minerals holding ________ together may ______
A
  • mass
  • material strength
  • expand
  • individual grains
  • dissolve
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11
Q

Rockfall (consolidated)

A
  • free fall or bouncing of rock

- 10km/hr

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12
Q

Rock slide/avalanche (consolidated)

A
  • flow of fragmented rock from large rock slide or fall

- 10km/hr

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13
Q

Causes of rock slide/avalanche

A
  • vibration
  • undercutting
  • differential weathering
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14
Q

creep (consolidated)

A
  • cm/yr

- rock movement along deep failure plains

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15
Q

toppling (consolidated)

A
  • movement of rock around pivot point away from slope
  • common in steeply dipping joints/bedding planes
  • km/hr
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16
Q

slump (unconsolidated)

A
  • slow slide of material as coherent unit

- concave failure surface

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17
Q

Causes of slumps

A
  • liquefaction
  • quick clay
  • km/hr
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18
Q

flow (unconsolidated) + triggers

A
  • significant internal deformation
  • dense fluid can transport large blocks of material
  • can be triggered by rainfall/ snow melt
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19
Q

creep (unconsolidated)

A
  • slow flow, slide or deformation

- soil expansion due to water in clay or freeze/thaw

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20
Q

earth flows

A

fluid movement of fine grained soils

21
Q

debris/mud flows

A

fluid movement of coarser material & rock in mud matrix

22
Q

debris avalanche

A

rapid movement of slope materials (70km/hr)

23
Q

solifluction

A

soil freeze/thaw in cold regions. Upper “active layer” deforms over frozen layer

24
Q

submarine mass movements can be triggered by:

A
  • accumulated sediments
  • earthquakes
  • extreme tides
25
Q

submarine mass movements are commen at ______ and may cause _______

A
  • fronts of active defaults or volcanic islands

- tsunamis

26
Q

complex mass movements involve some ______ of mass movement types

A

combination

27
Q

driving forces

A

drive rock or sediment down slops

28
Q

resistive forces

A
  • oppose driving forces

- shear strength, slope of material

29
Q

Material type affects event ____ and ____

A
  • frequency

- type

30
Q

Important characteristics of minerals in mass wastings

A
  • mineral composition
  • degree of consolidation
  • planes of weakness
  • inclanation of plain
31
Q

clay

A

fine grained sediment created by chemical weathering of rocks

32
Q

clay has low ____ and high _____

A
  • strength

- pore pressure

33
Q

steep slopes increase _______

A

driving force

34
Q

high topography means high ______

A

gravitational potential energy

35
Q

Vegetation influences mass wastings through:

A
  • protective cover
  • increases material strength
  • increases load
36
Q

_____ is almost always involved in mass movement

A

water

37
Q

how water affects mass movement

A
  • saturation increases probability of landslides
  • deep infiltration may cause delayed triggering
  • may erode base of slope
38
Q

Factors contributing to increased risk of landslides

A
  • regrading surfaces
  • cut and fill
  • vegetation removal
  • surface loading
  • undercutting slopes
  • watering lawns
39
Q

Minimizing landslide risk:

  • _______ areas where landslides have occurred in the past or are likely to occur
  • _____ these sites
  • ______ exposure with engineered structures
  • ______ landslides with engineered structures
  • _____ active slides
  • _______ of impending failure
A
  • identify
  • avoid
  • reduce
  • prevent
  • control
  • warn
40
Q

indicators of potential landslides:

  • _______ cracks on hillside
  • _________ of valley wall
  • lobate area of _______ on hillside
  • _____ trees
  • bedrock laying ______ to slope
  • ______ terrain
A
  • crescent shaped
  • scalloped crest
  • exposed material
  • tilted
  • parallel
  • hummocky (bumpy)
41
Q

drains cannot prevent ______, but can _________

A
  • large landslides

- minimize hazards

42
Q

objective of drains

A

keep water from infiltrating slope

43
Q

cut and fill

A
  • material moved from upper to lower slope
  • reduces gradient, increases resistent forces
  • not applicable to high/steep slopes
44
Q

benches or steps:

  • surface drains ______
  • provide sites for ______
A
  • divert runoff

- falling rock/small slides

45
Q

_______ are one of the most common landslide mitigation measures

A

slope supports

46
Q

slops supports anchor below ______, have backfill with ______ material, and allow for ______

A
  • slope base
  • permeable
  • drainage
47
Q

rock bolts are _____ that are inserted into _____ and anchored with _______

A
  • steel rods
  • drill holes
  • facing plates
48
Q

screens and fences are intended to intercept _______ and do not provide protection from _______

A
  • small rocks

- larger slides

49
Q

types of landslide identifiers

A
  • human
  • electrical
  • tiltmeters
  • geophones
  • rain guages
  • surveying
  • sattelite

Earth Science (9 decks)

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