Mass Transport In Animlas Flashcards
What are the haemoglobins
A group of chemically similar molecules found in many different organisms
what type of circulatory system do mammals have
double
what does double circulatory system mean
passes through the heart twice
why is a double circulatory system beneficial
blood moves to body tissues rapidly and under high pressure
oxygen is delivered more efficiently
the blood in the right side of the heart is oxygenated/deoxygenated
deoxygenated
the blood in the left hand side of the heart is oxygenated/deoxygenated
oxygenated
key to remember when looking at picture of heart
treat as if it was your own heart so its opposite to what it is put paper against heart and it would be correct
the pressure in arteries is
high
which is the only artery that carries deoxygenated blood
pulmonary artery
the blood vessel between heart and lungs is
pulmonary artery
the blood travels from heart to the body in which blood vessel
aorta
which blood vessel are the kidneys supplied by
renal artery
what are the veins that come from the kidneys called
renal veins
the pressure in veins is
low
what blood vessel transports blood from the lungs to the heart
pulmonary vein
which is the only vein that has oxygenated blood
pulmonary vein
blood first enters the heart through the
vena cava
order of heart blood vessels from when it first enters
vena cava
pulmonary artery
pulmonary vein
aorta
order of blood vessels when blood reaches the cells
artery
arteriole
capillary
venule
vein
what is the pulse
when the heart contacts causing a surge of even higher pressure down the arteries
adaptations of the artery
fairly thick - withstand high pressure
several layers
lumen lined with endothelium cells
what are the 3 layers of the artery
1) made of collagen
2) smooth muscle
3) elastic fibers
why is one of the layers of the artery made of collagen
to strengthen artery
why is one of the layers of the artery made of smooth muscle
contracts which controls how much blood reaches organs
why is one of the layers of the artery made of elastic fibers
to stretch and recoil keeps blood moving smoothly when heart contracts
why is one of the layers of the artery made of elastic fibers
To stretch and recoil keeps blood moving smoothly when the heart contracts
why is the lumen lined with a thin layer of endothelial cells
very smooth surface to reduce friction as blood flows through
compare structure of arteriole and artery
collagen rich outer layers - thinner
elastic layer - thinner
muscle layer - thicker
why do arterioles have thick muscles (thicker than arteries even)
they regulate the blood passing through the capillaries
what is it called when blood vessels contracts
vasoconstriction
what is it called when blood vessel relaxes
vasodilation
what is a network of capillaries called
capillary bed
what is exchanged between body cells and capillaries
in - oxygen and glucose
out- carbon dioxide + waste products
adaptations of capillaries
extremely thin wall - a single layer of endothelial cells so a short diffusion distance increases the rate of e.g. oxygen diffusion
diameter of lumen only slightly greater than that of red blood cells - when red blood cells pass through the are pushed against a capillary wall. This once again reduces diffusion distance etc.
why do red blood cells travel in single file down capillaries + why is this an adaptation
the lumen of capillaries is only slightly wider than the red blood cell
they travel slow this increases the time available for diffusion in and out of the blood.
what is the lumen lined with in veins
endothelial cells to prevent friction between blood and wall
adaptation of veins
valves
if the blood begins to flow backwards, the valves shut
when does tissue fluid leave the blood
at the capillaries near the arteries
when does tissue fluid return to the blood
at the parts of the capillary which are close to vein
why does the tissue fluid leave at the artery end
This is had relatively high hydrostatic pressure is greater then oncotic pressure so tissue fluid moves out.
explain oncotic pressure
in the blood the hydrophilic plasma proteins lower the water potential of the blood plasma
so water moves back into blood via osmosis
what is the process of tissue fluid leaving the capillaries called
ultrafiltration
why does tissue fluid enter the blood at the vein end
Lower hydrostatic pressure
what happens to tissue fluid that is not absorbed back into the blood
Enter the lymph system which eventually rejoins the blood stream
Adaptations of red blood cells x3
Biconcave structure - large surface area to volume ratio
Hundreds Millions of molecules of haemoglobin
Lose nucleus - more volume to carry haemoglobin
How many polypeptide chains does haemoglobin have
4
What level structure is haemoglobin
Quaternary
What is the red blood cell called once oxygen binds to it
Oxyhaemoglobin
What is the curve to do with oxygen called
Oxygen dissociation curve
What do we say instead of concentration of oxygen
Partial pressure
(Means the same thing)
At lower partial pressure of oxygen the affinity is…..
LOW
What does the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen depend on
Partial pressure of oxygen
What gas does aerobic respiration produce
Carbon dioxide
Which way does the oxygen dissociation curve shift if the carbon dioxide concentration increases
Shift to the right
What does increase concentration of carbon dioxide have on the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen
Causes the oxygen affinity of haemoglobin to decrease because acidic
What is the name of the effect when the oxygen dissociation curve shifts
Bohr effect
How does carbon dioxide cause the quaternary structure of haemoglobin to change
In the blood carbon dioxide can form acidic molecule carbonic acid
The acid releases H+ ions
This combine with the haemoglobin and causes it to change shape
Name the valve between the atrium and ventricles + specific names
Right is Atrioventricular valve ( tricuspid)
Left is Atrioventricular valve ( bicuspid)
What is the name of the part of the heart which separates the right and left hand side
+ what is it’s purpose
Septum
Prevents the oxygenated and deoxygenated passing directly through the two sides of the hearth and mixing
What are the two parts of the vena cava + where do the bring blood from
Inferior - brings blood from lower body
Superior - brings blood from upper body
Which side of the heart has thicker muscle and why
Left (ventricle) pumps blood around the whole body
What blood vessel supplies blood to the heart
Coronary artery
Which cells trigger the heart beat + where are they found
Sino-atrial node
Right atrium
Where is the apex on the hearth
At the bottom
What is unique about the cardiac muscle
It’s myogenic meaning it can contract and relax without nervous or hormonal stimulus
Is diastole contracting or relaxation
Relaxed
Is systole contracting or relaxing
Contracting
What can leave in tissue fluid x3
Water molecules
Dissolved minerals and salts
Glucose
What can’t leave in tissue fluid x3
Red blood cells
Large proteins
Platelet’s
The heart is a …. Muscle this mean that…
Myogentic - contracts and relaxes without nerve or hormonal stimulus
Stages of the cardiac cycle
1)Diastole - Atria and ventricle muscles relax blood is entering the atrium
2) Atrial Systole - Atria contract, ventricle relax A-V value open so blood flows into ventricles
3) Ventricle Systole - ventricle contract, atria relax A-V valve shut, semi-lunar value open
Equation cardiac output
Cardiac output = heart rate (per min) x stroke volume (dm3)
What is cardiac output
Volume of blood leaving one ventricle in one minute
Why does tissue fluid return
Proteins remained in blood
Creates a water potential gradient
Mover moves back into blood via osmisis
Excess water returns via lymphatic system
Explain root pressure
Water moves into the roots via osmosis so the pressure in the root increases the positive pressure helps to push water up the xylem
Explain mass flow
Sucrose is actively transported from the source into the phloem
This lowers the water potential so water from the xylem enters which also increase the pressure
Pressure gradient forces the solutes towards the sink
Near sink higher water potential so water moves back to xylem which reduces the pressure e
What is the lumen of a blood vessel
The diameter the gap
5 things that you should do for scientific drawings
Use a single solid line
Add label s
Add magnification bar
Draw all parts to the same scale
Do not use shading
Which has a wider lumen artery or vein
Artery
How to clean up properly after dissection x4
Was sharp instruments by pointing them away from yourself
Disinfect surfaces
Wash hands with soap
Put organ in separate bin
Binding of one molecule of oxygen to haemoglobin makes it easier for a second oxygen molecule to bind why
Binding first oxygen changes the tertiary structure of the haemoglobin
This uncovers another binding site
Does friction increase or decrease hydrostatic pressure
Increase
The more friction the more pressure
Role of heart in formation of tissue fluid
Contracting of VENTRICLES produces high pressure
This forces out WATER
If oxygen dissociation curve shift to the left then what do you talk about
Easier unloading
