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A Level Biology - Organsims Exchange Substances With Their Environment > Mass Transport In Animlas > Flashcards

Mass Transport In Animlas Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the haemoglobins

A

A group of chemically similar molecules found in many different organisms

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2
Q

what type of circulatory system do mammals have

A

double

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3
Q

what does double circulatory system mean

A

passes through the heart twice

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4
Q

why is a double circulatory system beneficial

A

blood moves to body tissues rapidly and under high pressure
oxygen is delivered more efficiently

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5
Q

the blood in the right side of the heart is oxygenated/deoxygenated

A

deoxygenated

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6
Q

the blood in the left hand side of the heart is oxygenated/deoxygenated

A

oxygenated

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7
Q

key to remember when looking at picture of heart

A

treat as if it was your own heart so its opposite to what it is put paper against heart and it would be correct

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8
Q

the pressure in arteries is

A

high

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9
Q

which is the only artery that carries deoxygenated blood

A

pulmonary artery

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10
Q

the blood vessel between heart and lungs is

A

pulmonary artery

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11
Q

the blood travels from heart to the body in which blood vessel

A

aorta

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12
Q

which blood vessel are the kidneys supplied by

A

renal artery

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13
Q

what are the veins that come from the kidneys called

A

renal veins

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14
Q

the pressure in veins is

A

low

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15
Q

what blood vessel transports blood from the lungs to the heart

A

pulmonary vein

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16
Q

which is the only vein that has oxygenated blood

A

pulmonary vein

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17
Q

blood first enters the heart through the

A

vena cava

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18
Q

order of heart blood vessels from when it first enters

A

vena cava
pulmonary artery
pulmonary vein
aorta

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19
Q

order of blood vessels when blood reaches the cells

A

artery
arteriole
capillary
venule
vein

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20
Q

what is the pulse

A

when the heart contacts causing a surge of even higher pressure down the arteries

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21
Q

adaptations of the artery

A

fairly thick - withstand high pressure
several layers
lumen lined with endothelium cells

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22
Q

what are the 3 layers of the artery

A

1) made of collagen
2) smooth muscle
3) elastic fibers

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23
Q

why is one of the layers of the artery made of collagen

A

to strengthen artery

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24
Q

why is one of the layers of the artery made of smooth muscle

A

contracts which controls how much blood reaches organs

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25
Q

why is one of the layers of the artery made of elastic fibers

A

to stretch and recoil keeps blood moving smoothly when heart contracts

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26
Q

why is one of the layers of the artery made of elastic fibers

A

To stretch and recoil keeps blood moving smoothly when the heart contracts

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27
Q

why is the lumen lined with a thin layer of endothelial cells

A

very smooth surface to reduce friction as blood flows through

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28
Q

compare structure of arteriole and artery

A

collagen rich outer layers - thinner
elastic layer - thinner
muscle layer - thicker

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29
Q

why do arterioles have thick muscles (thicker than arteries even)

A

they regulate the blood passing through the capillaries

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30
Q

what is it called when blood vessels contracts

A

vasoconstriction

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31
Q

what is it called when blood vessel relaxes

A

vasodilation

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32
Q

what is a network of capillaries called

A

capillary bed

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33
Q

what is exchanged between body cells and capillaries

A

in - oxygen and glucose
out- carbon dioxide + waste products

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34
Q

adaptations of capillaries

A

extremely thin wall - a single layer of endothelial cells so a short diffusion distance increases the rate of e.g. oxygen diffusion
diameter of lumen only slightly greater than that of red blood cells - when red blood cells pass through the are pushed against a capillary wall. This once again reduces diffusion distance etc.

35
Q

why do red blood cells travel in single file down capillaries + why is this an adaptation

A

the lumen of capillaries is only slightly wider than the red blood cell
they travel slow this increases the time available for diffusion in and out of the blood.

36
Q

what is the lumen lined with in veins

A

endothelial cells to prevent friction between blood and wall

37
Q

adaptation of veins

A

valves
if the blood begins to flow backwards, the valves shut

38
Q

when does tissue fluid leave the blood

A

at the capillaries near the arteries

39
Q

when does tissue fluid return to the blood

A

at the parts of the capillary which are close to vein

40
Q

why does the tissue fluid leave at the artery end

A

This is had relatively high hydrostatic pressure is greater then oncotic pressure so tissue fluid moves out.

41
Q

explain oncotic pressure

A

in the blood the hydrophilic plasma proteins lower the water potential of the blood plasma
so water moves back into blood via osmosis

42
Q

what is the process of tissue fluid leaving the capillaries called

A

ultrafiltration

43
Q

why does tissue fluid enter the blood at the vein end

A

Lower hydrostatic pressure

44
Q

what happens to tissue fluid that is not absorbed back into the blood

A

Enter the lymph system which eventually rejoins the blood stream

45
Q

Adaptations of red blood cells x3

A

Biconcave structure - large surface area to volume ratio
Hundreds Millions of molecules of haemoglobin
Lose nucleus - more volume to carry haemoglobin

46
Q

How many polypeptide chains does haemoglobin have

A

4

47
Q

What level structure is haemoglobin

A

Quaternary

48
Q

What is the red blood cell called once oxygen binds to it

A

Oxyhaemoglobin

49
Q

What is the curve to do with oxygen called

A

Oxygen dissociation curve

50
Q

What do we say instead of concentration of oxygen

A

Partial pressure
(Means the same thing)

51
Q

At lower partial pressure of oxygen the affinity is…..

A

LOW

52
Q

What does the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen depend on

A

Partial pressure of oxygen

53
Q

What gas does aerobic respiration produce

A

Carbon dioxide

54
Q

Which way does the oxygen dissociation curve shift if the carbon dioxide concentration increases

A

Shift to the right

55
Q

What does increase concentration of carbon dioxide have on the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen

A

Causes the oxygen affinity of haemoglobin to decrease because acidic

56
Q

What is the name of the effect when the oxygen dissociation curve shifts

A

Bohr effect

57
Q

How does carbon dioxide cause the quaternary structure of haemoglobin to change

A

In the blood carbon dioxide can form acidic molecule carbonic acid
The acid releases H+ ions
This combine with the haemoglobin and causes it to change shape

58
Q

Name the valve between the atrium and ventricles + specific names

A

Right is Atrioventricular valve ( tricuspid)
Left is Atrioventricular valve ( bicuspid)

59
Q

What is the name of the part of the heart which separates the right and left hand side
+ what is it’s purpose

A

Septum
Prevents the oxygenated and deoxygenated passing directly through the two sides of the hearth and mixing

60
Q

What are the two parts of the vena cava + where do the bring blood from

A

Inferior - brings blood from lower body
Superior - brings blood from upper body

61
Q

Which side of the heart has thicker muscle and why

A

Left (ventricle) pumps blood around the whole body

62
Q

What blood vessel supplies blood to the heart

A

Coronary artery

63
Q

Which cells trigger the heart beat + where are they found

A

Sino-atrial node
Right atrium

64
Q

Where is the apex on the hearth

A

At the bottom

65
Q

What is unique about the cardiac muscle

A

It’s myogenic meaning it can contract and relax without nervous or hormonal stimulus

66
Q

Is diastole contracting or relaxation

A

Relaxed

67
Q

Is systole contracting or relaxing

A

Contracting

68
Q

What can leave in tissue fluid x3

A

Water molecules
Dissolved minerals and salts
Glucose

69
Q

What can’t leave in tissue fluid x3

A

Red blood cells
Large proteins
Platelet’s

70
Q

The heart is a …. Muscle this mean that…

A

Myogentic - contracts and relaxes without nerve or hormonal stimulus

71
Q

Stages of the cardiac cycle

A

1)Diastole - Atria and ventricle muscles relax blood is entering the atrium
2) Atrial Systole - Atria contract, ventricle relax A-V value open so blood flows into ventricles
3) Ventricle Systole - ventricle contract, atria relax A-V valve shut, semi-lunar value open

72
Q

Equation cardiac output

A

Cardiac output = heart rate (per min) x stroke volume (dm3)

73
Q

What is cardiac output

A

Volume of blood leaving one ventricle in one minute

74
Q

Why does tissue fluid return

A

Proteins remained in blood
Creates a water potential gradient
Mover moves back into blood via osmisis
Excess water returns via lymphatic system

75
Q

Explain root pressure

A

Water moves into the roots via osmosis so the pressure in the root increases the positive pressure helps to push water up the xylem

76
Q

Explain mass flow

A

Sucrose is actively transported from the source into the phloem
This lowers the water potential so water from the xylem enters which also increase the pressure
Pressure gradient forces the solutes towards the sink
Near sink higher water potential so water moves back to xylem which reduces the pressure e

77
Q

What is the lumen of a blood vessel

A

The diameter the gap

78
Q

5 things that you should do for scientific drawings

A

Use a single solid line
Add label s
Add magnification bar
Draw all parts to the same scale
Do not use shading

79
Q

Which has a wider lumen artery or vein

A

Artery

80
Q

How to clean up properly after dissection x4

A

Was sharp instruments by pointing them away from yourself
Disinfect surfaces
Wash hands with soap
Put organ in separate bin

81
Q

Binding of one molecule of oxygen to haemoglobin makes it easier for a second oxygen molecule to bind why

A

Binding first oxygen changes the tertiary structure of the haemoglobin
This uncovers another binding site

82
Q

Does friction increase or decrease hydrostatic pressure

A

Increase
The more friction the more pressure

83
Q

Role of heart in formation of tissue fluid

A

Contracting of VENTRICLES produces high pressure
This forces out WATER

84
Q

If oxygen dissociation curve shift to the left then what do you talk about

A

Easier unloading

A Level Biology - Organsims Exchange Substances With Their Environment (5 decks)

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