Mass Transport In Animals Flashcards
What in a haem group allows it to bind to oxygen
The iron ion
How many polypeptide chains are in a haemoglobin molecule
4
How many molecules of oxygen can a single haemoglobin molecule carry
4
When the atria contract what happens
Decreases volume and increases pressure of blood pushing blood out of atria into ventricles quickly
In the atrial systole the atria contract causing the volume of the atria to
Decrease
What happens at the end of atrial systole
Ventricles fill with blood
What happens when the pressure in the ventricles is greater than the pressure in the atriums
The atrioventricular valves close to prevent the back flow of blood into the atria
What happens when pressure in the ventricles is greater than pressure in the blood pressure
The semi lunar valves open allowing blood to be pushed out of the heart
What happens in ventricular systole
Ventricles contract
What happens when blood leaves the ventricles
The pressure in the ventricles decreases and the pressure in the blood vessels increases
Causing the semi lunar valve to close preventing back flow of blood into the ventricles
What blood vessel does blood enter the heart through
Vena cava
What is positive cooperativity
Binding of the first molecule makes binding of the second easier so the gradient of the curve steepens
What does haemoglobin affinity for oxygen depend on
The partial pressure of oxygen
Haemoglobin saturation
The partial pressure of carbon dioxide
What is partial pressure of a gas
A measure of concentration of that gas in a mixture of gases or in a liquid
What does a higher concentration of oxygen mean for partial pressure
Higher partial pressure
Where will haemoglobin have a higher affinity for oxygen
In oxygen rich areas like the lungs where there is high p02 promoting oxygen loading
Where will haemoglobin have a lower affinity for o2
In oxygen starved areas like respiring tissues where there is low po2 promoting oxygen unloading
What happens as saturation for oxygen increases
It becomes harder for the final oxygen molecule to bind
What happens to haemoglobin when po2 is high
Haemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen
What happens to oxygen when carbon dioxide partial pressure is high
O2 dissociates from haemoglobin more easily allowing more o2 to be unloaded to cells during intense activity
What happens to blood pH when there is an increase in carbon dioxide production
Leads to a decrease in blood pH as it reacts with water to form carbonic acid
What is the Bohr efefct
Describes how changes in the concentration of co2 and pH affects the ability of haemoglobin to bind and release oxygen
Which way does the curve shift if the animal has a high metabolic rate/high sa;v
Right a higher metabolic rate =more respiration=greater 02 demand
What is cardiac output
Volume of blood pumped by a ventricle in 1 minute
What is heart rate
Number of times the ventricles contract in 1 minute
What is ur stroke volume
Volume of blood pumped out at each beat
How is the higher blood pressure produced in the left ventricle
Stronger contractions
Some babies are born with a hole between their left and right ventricles why are they unable to get enough oxygen to their tissues
Blood flows from the left ventricle to the right ventricle missing oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
So a lower volume of oxygenated blood leaves the left ventricle
Explain how the heart muscles and the heart valves maintain a one-way flow of blood from the left atrium to the aorta
SAN sends wave of electrical activity across atria causing atrial contraction
Non-conducting tissues prevents immediate contraction of ventricles / preventing impulses reaching ventricles
AVN delays impulse whilst blood leaves atria / ventricles fill
AVN sends wave of electrical activity
Causing ventricles to contract form the bottom up
Which chamber does pressure reach the highest value
Left ventricle
Explain how the structure of this chamber causes higher pressure
Thicker muscle
An athlete had the same cardiac output but a lower resting heart rate than before explain this change
Increase in the size and strength of the heart muscle
Increased stroke volume
