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Unit 3: Organisms Exchange Substances with their Envirnoment > Mass Transport in Animals > Flashcards

Mass Transport in Animals Flashcards

1
Q

how many polypeptide chains is haemoglobin made up of?

A

4

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2
Q

what structure does haemoglobin have?

A

quaternary

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3
Q

what does each polypeptide chain have?

A

a haem group containing Fe2+

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4
Q

what does the heam group on the polypeptide do?

A

binds to an oxygen molecule

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5
Q

what is the equation showing the formation of oxyhaemoglobin?

A

oxygen + heamoglobin ⇌ oxyhaemoglobin

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6
Q

what is partial pressure?

A

a measure of the concentration of oxygen present in tissues

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7
Q

what is loading (association)?

A

when oxygen is taken up by haemoglobin

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8
Q

what is unloading (dissociation)?

A

when oxygen is released by haemoglobin

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9
Q

what does affinity mean?

A

how well the oxygen is bound to the haemoglobin

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10
Q

what is percentage saturation?

A

the amount of oxygen combined with haemoglobin

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11
Q

what is the equation to calculate percentage saturation?

A

oxygenated haemoglobin/maximum saturation X 100

number of binding sites occupies by oxygen/maximum number of binding sites X 100

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12
Q

where does oxygen load?

A

lungs

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13
Q

why does oxygen load at the lungs?

A

high partial pressure of oxygen
haemoglobin has a high affinity for oxygen
haemoglobin becomes saturated with oxygen

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14
Q

where does oxygen unload?

A

respiring tissues

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15
Q

why does oxygen unload at respiring tissues?

A

low partial pressure of oxygen
haemoglobin has a low affinity for oxygen
haemoglobin becomes less saturated with oxygen

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16
Q

why is an oxygen dissociation curve sigmoid?

A

when the first oxygen binds to the first haem group, the tertiary and quaternary structure of the haemoglobin change uncovering the next haem group so oxygen can bind more easily

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17
Q

what is the Bohr effect?

A

the oxygen dissociation curve shifting to the right

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18
Q

why does the oxygen dissociation curve shift to the right?

A

the partial pressure of oxygen at the respiring tissues is low so haemoglobin dissociates from the oxygen so it can be used for aerobic respiration

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19
Q

what does increased CO2 in the blood cause?

A

increased blood acidity alters the tertiary structure of haemoglobin

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20
Q

why does the oxygen dissociation curve shift to the left for species living at high altitudes or in the bottom of lakes?

A

there is less oxygen available so normal haemoglobin wouldn’t be fully saturated

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21
Q

why does the oxygen dissociation curve shift to the right for species with a high metabolic rate?

A

haemoglobin unloads oxygen much quicker

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22
Q

why does the fetal haemogobin curve shift to the left?

A

it has a higher affinity for oxygen
oxygen from the mother loads onto the fetal haemoglobin
allows for aerobic respiration

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23
Q

what are the features of a heart?

A

aorta
pulmonary artery
pulmonary vein
left atrium
atrioventricular valve
left ventricle
right ventricle
semi-lunar valve
right atrium
vena cava

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24
Q

why does the left ventricle have a thicker muscular wall than the right ventricle?

A

left ventricle has to contract more forcefully to generate a high blood pressure to transport blood around the whole body

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25
Q

what is the function of valves?

A

prevent the backflow of blood

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26
Q

what is the function of the atrioventricular valve?

A

prevents the backflow of blood into the atria

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27
Q

what is the function of the semi-lunar valve?

A

prevents the backflow of blood into the ventricles

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28
Q

what is the function of the coronary arteries?

A

provide the heart muscle with oxygen and glucose for aerobic respiration

29
Q

what happens if the coronary arteries become blocked?

A

less blood reaches heart muscles
less oxygen so less aerobic respiration
heart cells die
heart attack occurs

30
Q

when do the atrioventricular valves open?

A

when the pressure in the atria is higher than the pressure in the ventricles

31
Q

when do the atrioventricular valves close?

A

when the pressure in the ventricles is higher than in the atria

32
Q

when do the semi-lunar valves open?

A

when the pressure in the ventricles is higher than the pressure in the arteries

33
Q

when do the semi-lunar valves close?

A

when the pressure in the arteries is higher than in the ventricles

34
Q

what chambers of the heart relaxes during atrial systole?

A

ventricles

35
Q

what chambers of the heart contracts during atrial systole?

A

atria

36
Q

what valves open during atrial systole?

A

atrioventricular

37
Q

what valves close during atrial systole?

A

semi-lunar

38
Q

during atrial systole, where is the pressure the greatest?

A

atria

39
Q

what chambers of the heart contract during ventricular systole?

A

ventricles

40
Q

what chambers of the heart relax during ventricular systole?

A

atria

41
Q

what valves open during ventricular systole?

A

semi-lunar

42
Q

what valves close during ventricular systole?

A

atrioventricular

43
Q

during ventricular systole, where is the pressure the greatest?

A

ventricles

44
Q

what chambers of the heart contract during diastole?

A

none

45
Q

what chambers of the heart relax during diastole?

A

atria
ventricles

46
Q

what valves open during diastole?

A

none

47
Q

what valves close during diastole?

A

semi-lunar
atrioventricular

48
Q

during diastole, where is the pressure the greatest?

A

arteries

49
Q

what is the function of arteries?

A

carry blood away from the heart

50
Q

why do arteries carry blood under high pressure?

A

they are closer to the ventricles which contract

51
Q

what is the function of veins?

A

carry blood back to the heart

52
Q

why do veins carry blood under low pressure?

A

they are further from the ventricles

53
Q

what occurs at the capillaries?

A

nutrients pass in and out of the blood e.g. glucose, amino acids, oxygen, CO2

54
Q

why does an artery have a thick muscle layer?

A

prevents bursting under high pressure

55
Q

why does an artery have a thick elastic tissue layer?

A

maintains blood pressure by:
stretching when ventricles contract
recoiling when ventricles relax

56
Q

why does an artery have a smooth endothelium?

A

reduces friction to blood flowing through them

57
Q

why does an arteriole have a thick layer of smooth muscle?

A

regulates blood pressure by allowing them to:
contract and vasoconstrict
relax and vasodilate

58
Q

why does a vein have a wide lumen?

A

reduces resistance for blood flowing through them under low pressure

59
Q

why does a vein contain valves?

A

prevent the backflow of blood under lower pressure

60
Q

why are capillaries one cell thick?

A

creates a short diffusion distance fore for the exchange of materials

61
Q

why are capillaries squamous?

A

decreases the diffusion distance

62
Q

why do capillaries have a narrow lumen?

A

slows blood flow so more diffusion can occur

63
Q

why are there lots of capillaries?

A

creates a large diffusion distance for exchange

64
Q

what is tissue fluid?

A

fluid surrounding cells

65
Q

what is tissue fluid formed by?

A

blood plasma

66
Q

what occurs in the tissue fluid?

A

the exchange of substances between blood and cells

67
Q

what does tissue fluid contain?

A

water
small molecules

68
Q

what is the function of the lymphatic system?

A

drains excess tissue fluid into the blood near the vena cava
absorbs lipids from the small intestines
is a part of the immune system

Unit 3: Organisms Exchange Substances with their Envirnoment (4 decks)

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