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Unit 3: Organisms Exchange Substances with their Envirnoment > Digestion & Absorption > Flashcards

Digestion & Absorption Flashcards

1
Q

what is digestion?

A

The hydrolysis of large, insoluble molecules into small, soluble molecules

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2
Q

what is the function of the salivary gland?

A

Secretes amylase which hydrolyses starch into maltose

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3
Q

what is the function of the oesophagus?

A

Carries food from the mouth to the stomach by peristalsis

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4
Q

what is the function of the stomach?

A

Food is mixed with acidic gastric juices killing microorganisms
Protease hydrolyses protein into amino acids

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5
Q

what is the function of the pancreas?

A

Gland inbetween stomach and small intestines which secretes pancreatic juices which contains proteases, lipases & amylase

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6
Q

what is the function of the small intestines?

A

Where food is further digested by enzymes
Wall is folded into villi which have microvilli to increase surface area
Membrane contains disaccharidases which hydrolyse disaccharides into monosaccharides

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7
Q

what is the equation for the complete digestion of starch?

A

Amylase
Starch + water ————> maltose +
Maltase
water————> glucose

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8
Q

what is the enzyme that hydrolyses maltose into glucose?

A

Maltase

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9
Q

Enzyme that hydrolyses lactose into galactose

A

Lactase

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10
Q

what is the enzyme that hydrolyses sucrose into fructose?

A

Sucrase

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11
Q

Why is amylase secreted by the pancreas and the salivary gland?

A

Not all starch hydrolysed in the mouth
Salivary amylase is denatured by stomach acid

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12
Q

What is SAM?

A

Salivary amylase hydrolyses starch into maltose

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13
Q

What is PAM?

A

Pancreatic amylase hydrolyses starch into matose

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14
Q

What is MEG?

A

Membrane embedded Maltase hydrolyses maltose into glucose

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15
Q

Why are enzymes membrane bound?

A
  • don’t get removed in faeces
  • close to transport proteins in cell membrane for facilitated diffusion into the epithelial cell
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16
Q

what are the adaptations of small intestines for absorption?

A
  • microvilli increase surface area
  • more channel/carrier proteins for facilitated diffusion
  • many mitochondria to produce more ATP for active transport
  • epithelial lining is one cell thick creating a short diffusion pathway
  • constant blood flow maintains concentration gradient between epithelial cell and the blood
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17
Q

what is the co-transport of glucose?

A
  1. Sodium ions active transported from epithelial cells to the blood. Maintains concentration gradient of sodium ions between lumen and epithelial cells
  2. Glucose and sodium ions are active transported from lumen to epithelia cells down the concentration gradient
  3. Glucose moves into blood via facilitated diffusion down the concentration gradient
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18
Q

what do endopeptidases do?

A

hydrolyse the peptide bonds in the middle of the polypeptide chains producing shorter polypeptides

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19
Q

what do exopeptidases do?

A

hydrolyse the peptide bonds at the end of the polypeptide chains to remove a single amino acid

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20
Q

where are endopeptidases and exopeptidases produced?

A

stomach & pancreas

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21
Q

what do dipeptidases do?

A

hydrolyse dipeptides into amino acids

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22
Q

where are dipeptidases found?

A

embedded in the epithelial cell surface membrane in the the ileum

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23
Q

what are the products of lipid hydrolysis?

A

monoglycerides & fatty acids

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24
Q

what enzyme hydrolyses lipids?

A

lipase

25
Q

where is lipase produced?

A

pancreas

26
Q

where is lipase found?

A

small intestines

27
Q

where are bile salts produced?

A

liver

28
Q

where are bile salts stored?

A

gall bladder

29
Q

what do bile salts do?

A

emulsify lipids into smaller droplets

30
Q

what is an advantage of lipids being emulsified?

A

increases the surface area of lipids for faster hydrolysis

31
Q

how are lipids absorbed by the body?

A
  1. monoglycerides and fatty acids form a micelle with bile salts
  2. micelles make the fatty acids and monoglycerides more soluble in water
  3. micelles carry fatty acids and monoglycerides to the epithelial cell membrane
  4. monoglycerides and fatty acids diffuse through the phospholipid bilayer
  5. monoglycerides and fatty acids reform triglycerides and are encased in a vesicle
  6. the golgi modifies the triglycerides by combining them with with proteins forming chylomicrons
  7. chylomicrons are packaged into vesicles for selection
  8. chlyomicrons then enter the lymph vessels
32
Q

what do micelles do?

A

make fatty acids and monoglycerides more soluble in water
carry monoglycerides and fatty acids to the epithelial cell membrane

33
Q

what is the function of the golgi apparatus in the absorption of lipids?

A

makes chylomicrons by combining triglycerides with proteins

34
Q

what enzyme hydrolyses starch?

A

salivary amylase
pancreatic amylase

35
Q

what are the products of starch hydrolysis?

A

maltose

36
Q

what bond does amylase hydrolyse in starch digestion?

A

glycosidic

37
Q

what enzyme hydrolyses sucrose?

A

sucrase

38
Q

where is sucrase found?

A

cell membrane of epithelial cells in the small intestines

39
Q

what are the products of sucrose hydrolysis?

A

glucose & fructose

40
Q

what bond does sucrase hydrolyse in sucrose digestion?

A

glycosidic

41
Q

what enzyme hydrolyses maltose?

A

maltase

42
Q

where is maltase found?

A

cell membrane of epithelial cells in the small intestines

43
Q

what are the products of the hydrolysis of maltose?

A

glucose

44
Q

what bond does maltase hydolyse in the digestion of maltose?

A

glycosidic

45
Q

what enzyme hydrolyses lactose?

A

lactase

46
Q

where is lactase found?

A

cell membrane of epithelial cells in the small intestines

47
Q

what are the products of the hydrolysis of lactose?

A

glucose & galactose

48
Q

what bond does lactase hydrolyse in the digestion of lactose?

A

glycosidic

49
Q

what enzymes hydrolyse protien?

A

endopeptidases
exopeptidase
dipeptidases

50
Q

what are the products of the hydrolysis of protein by endopeptidase?

A

shorter polypetides

51
Q

what are the products of the hydrolysis of protein by exopeptidase?

A

amino acid

52
Q

what are the products of the hydrolysis of protein by dipeptidase?

A

amino acids

53
Q

where are endopeptidases found?

A

stomach

54
Q

where are exopeptidases found?

A

stomach

55
Q

where are dipeptidases found?

A

cell membrane of epithelial cells in the small intestines

56
Q

what enzyme hydrolyses lipids?

A

lipase

56
Q

what are the products of the hydrolysis of lipids?

A

fatty acids & monoglycerides

57
Q

where is lipase found?

A

small intestines

58
Q

what bond does lipase hydrolyse in the digestion of lipids?

A

ester

Unit 3: Organisms Exchange Substances with their Envirnoment (4 decks)

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