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geology > mass mouvement > Flashcards

mass mouvement Flashcards

1
Q

what is a creep?

A

slow downhill movement of regolith

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2
Q

how do grains move in a creep?

A

perpendicular to slope (expansion)
vertical downward by gravity (contraction)

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3
Q

what is a creep caused by?

A

seasonal soil expansion and contraction
-wetting and drying
-thawing and freezing
-warming and cooling

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4
Q

what is evidence of a creep?

A

slanting or tilting of landscape features

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5
Q

what is solifluction?

A

low downhill movement of tundra

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6
Q

what does solifluction generate?

A

solifluction lobes

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7
Q

how does solifluction move?

A

melted permafrost slowly flows over deeper frozen soil

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8
Q

what is slumping?

A

sliding of regolith as coherent blocks

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9
Q

what are distinctive features of a slump?

A

head scarf
toe
discrete faulted slices

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10
Q

what is a head scarf?

A

upslope cliff face

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11
Q

what is the toe?

A

material at base

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12
Q

what is a debris flow?

A

a mudflow with many large rocks

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13
Q

what is a lahar?

A

volcanic mud or debris flow

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14
Q

what does a lahar include?

A

volcanic ash from recent or ongoing eruptions
water from heavy rain or melted ice

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15
Q

what are rock and debris slides?

A

sudden movement downslope

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16
Q

what is a rock slide?

A

a slide consisting of rock only

17
Q

what is a debris slide?

A

a slide comprised mostly of regolith

18
Q

what are characteristics of rock/debris slides?

A

movement down the slope is sudden and deadly
can move up to 300 m/h on a pocket of air

19
Q

what is an avalanche?

A

turbulent clouds of air and dust

20
Q

what are snow avalanches?

A

over steepened snow that detaches

21
Q

where do avalanches occur?

A

in clearly defined avalanche shoots, lethal

22
Q

what are the 3 submarine mass movements?

A

submarine slump
submarine debris flow
turbidity currents

23
Q

what are submarine mass movements based off of?

A

degree of disintegration

24
Q

what is a submarine slump?

A

semicoherent blocks break and slip

25
Q

what is a submarine debris flow?

A

broken material moves as a slurry

26
Q

what is a turbidity current?

A

sediment moves as a turbulent cloud

27
Q

what are gigantic submarine mass movements?

A

much larger than land-based movements
mass movements tied to tsunamis

28
Q

why do mass movements occur?

A

require certain things from earth materials
fragmentation and weathering

29
Q

what does mass movement require from earth material?

A

Be subjected to topographic (slope) forces
Be weakened or loosened from their attachments

30
Q

what does fragmentation and weathering refer to?

A

The upper crust is broken by jointing and faulting
Chemical and physical weathering produces
regolith

geology (15 decks)

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