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geology > igneous rocks-volcanoes > Flashcards

igneous rocks-volcanoes Flashcards

1
Q

what is affected by cooling rate

A

texture

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2
Q

how do large crystal size form?

A

by slow cooling rates

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3
Q

how do small crystals form?

A

fast cooling rates

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4
Q

what does texture include?

A

crystal size
porosity
if there’s volcanic debris

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5
Q

what is extrusive?

A

at or near surface

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6
Q

what is intrusive?

A

buried deeply

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7
Q

what are common igneous textures?

A

glassy
aphanitic
phaneritic
porphyritic
pyroclastic
vesicular

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8
Q

what is glassy?

A

no crystals

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9
Q

what is aphanitic?

A

small crystals

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10
Q

what is phaneritic?

A

large visible crystals

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11
Q

what is porphyritic?

A

two crystal sizes
two different cooling rates

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12
Q

what is pyroclastic?

A

fragments of rock magma tore off
volcanic

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13
Q

what is vesicular?

A

has holes made from trapped gas

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14
Q

what are characteristics of felsic minerals?

A

light colour
light weight
iron and magnesium poor

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15
Q

what are characteristics of mafic minerals?

A

dark colour
heavy
iron and magnesium rich

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16
Q

where are felsic minerals found?

A

felsic to intermediate rock

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17
Q

where are mafic minerals found?

A

mafic to ultramafic rock

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18
Q

what is rhyolite?

A

felsic
extrusive

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19
Q

what is granite?

A

intrusive
felsic

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20
Q

what is andesite?

A

intermediate
extrusive

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21
Q

what is diorite?

A

intermediate
intrusive

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22
Q

what is basalt?

A

mafic
extrusive

23
Q

what is gabbro?

A

mafic
intrusive

24
Q

what are xenoliths?

A

partially melted rock torn off of other rocks

25
Q

how is felsic magma produced?

A

crystal settling in intermediate magma
partial melting of an intermediate rock

26
Q

how is intermediate produced?

A

crystal settling in mafic rock
partial melting of a mafic rock
mixing mafic magma with felsic magma
assimilating felsic rock into mafic magma

27
Q

what is a volcano?

A

any landform (could be underwater) that releases lava, gas, ashes, or has done so in the past

28
Q

where do volcanoes occur?

A

at divergent or convergent boundaries
rarely, but sometimes in middle of plate

29
Q

what are the volcanoes that occur in the middle of the plate called?

A

anomalous volcanoes

30
Q

how does magma chemistry affect the nature of volcanic eruptions?

A

fewer covalent bonds between tetrahedra= thin runny magma (mafic)
more covalent bonds between tetrahedra= thick magma (felsic)
thicker magma has high viscosity and more resistance to flow making eruptions more explosive

31
Q

characteristics of mafic lava?

A

flows easy
erupts gently
low silica content
low gas
low viscosity

32
Q

what are the types of mafic lava?

A

Aa
pahoehoe

33
Q

what is Aa lava?

A

rough fragmented lava blocks
sharp rough crumbly

34
Q

what is pahoehoe lava?

A

smooth shiny and ropey surface

35
Q

what are the characteristics of felsic lava?

A

erupts catastrophically
high silica content
high gas content

36
Q

what is pyroclastic debris?

A

fragments of rock or magma caused by expanding gases
anything that gets blown out of a volcano

37
Q

types of pyroclastic debris?

A

ash
lapilli– little rocks
volcanic bombs– baseball sized rocks
volcanic block– massive rock
welded tuff– little rocks become welded together by ash and water
pumice– low density, lots of pores

38
Q

what are the most abundant gases released from an eruption?

A

h2o, Co2, and So2
So2 causes acidic rain

39
Q

what are the two main groups of volcanoes?

A

central vent volcanoes
large scale volcanic terrains

40
Q

what are central vent volcanoes?

A

central vent– one main release point
summit crater

41
Q

what is large scale volcanic terrains?

A

no central vent
network of source material
extend over a large area

42
Q

what are the types of central vent volcanoes?

A

shield
cinder cones
stratovolcanoes
rhyolite caldera complex

43
Q

shield volcanoes have?

A

shallow slopes
mafic magma

44
Q

stratovolcanoes are?

A

explosive
steep sided

45
Q

shield volcanic eruptions?

A

low silica, low gas, magma originates from the mantle
low viscosity creates broad slopes
effusive
layers caused by repeated volcanic events

46
Q

stratovolcano eruptions?

A

alternating layers of mafic to intermediate lava flows with layers of intermediate to felsic
explosively eject pyroclastic fragments
explosive eruptions are common due to build up gases
continental settings

47
Q

rhyolite caldera complex eruptions?

A

high silica, high gas magma
massive explosions (most explosions)
withdrawal of magma from magma chambers causes collapse
produces inverse volcano (think cauldren)

48
Q

what do Large scale volcanic terrains cause?

A

mid ocean ridges develop at divergent boundaries
basaltic flow creates a global network of interconnected seafloor ridges

49
Q

volcanoes at a divergent boundary?

A

mafic lava flows
mid ocean ridge

50
Q

volcanoes at oceanic hot spot?

A

mafic lava flows
shield volcanoes

51
Q

volcanoes at continental hot spot?

A

felsic to mafic magma flows
all types of volcanoes

52
Q

volcanoes at continental oceanic subduction zones?

A

felsic to mafic lava flows
all volcano types
volcanoes form a volcanic arc

53
Q

volcanoes at oceanic oceanic subduction zones

A

intermediate to mafic lava flows
shield volcanoes or stratovolcanoes
volcanoes form an island arc

geology (15 decks)

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