masonry Flashcards
A ____ is formed by combining masonry units, such as stone, blocks, or brick with mortar.
masonry structure
_____ is one of the oldest construction materials.
masonry
_____ are a popular construction material throughout the world and competes favorably with other materials, such as wood, steel, and concrete for certain applications.
masonry units
Masonry units can be classified as: ____, ___, ____, _____, ____
concrete masonry units, clay bricks, structural clay tiles, glass blocks, stone
____ can be either solid or hollow, but clay bricks, glass blocks, and stone are typically solid.
concrete masonry
_____ are hollow units that are larger than clay bricks and are used for structural and nonstructural masonry applications, such as partition walls and filler panels.
structural clay tiles
Solid concrete units are commonly called _____.
concrete bricks
Hollow units are known as _____.
concrete blocks, hollow blocks, cinder blocks
Hollow units have a net cross-sectional area in every plane parallel to the bearing surface less than ____ of the gross cross-sectional area in the same plane.
75%
Concrete masonry units are manufactured in three classes, based on their density: ____
lightweight units, medium-weight units, normal-weight units
Well-graded sand, gravel, and crushed stone are used to manufacture _____.
normal-weight units
Lightweight aggregates such as pumice, scoria cinders, expanded clay, and expanded shale are used to manufacture _____.
lightweight units
_____ have higher thermal and fire resistance properties and lower sound resistance than normal weights.
lightweight units
_____ are manufactured using a relatively dry (zero-slump) concrete mixture consisting of portland cement, aggregates, water, and admixtures.
concrete masonry
_____ is usually used to manufacture concrete masonry units.
type I
____ is sometimes used to reduce the curing time.
type III
_____ is sometimes used to increase the resistance of the masonry structure to freeze and thaw effects and improve workability, compaction, and molding characteristics of the units during manufacturing.
air-entrained concrete
Concrete masonry units can be classified as ______ and ____.
load bearing (ASTM C90), non-load bearing (ASTM C129)
Load-bearing units must satisfy a ________ minimum compressive strength requirement than non-loading bearing units.
higher
The ____ of the individual concrete masonry units is determined by capping the unit and applying load in the direction of the height of the unit until failure (ASTM C140).
compressive strength
The _____ is calculated by dividing the load at failure by the gross cross-sectional area of the unit.
gross area compressive strength
The _____ is calculated by dividing the load at failure by the net cross-sectional area.
net area compressive strength
The _____ is calculated by dividing the net volume of the unit by its average height.
net cross-sectional area
The ____ is determined using the water displacement method according to ASTM C140.
net volume
The amount of water absorption of concrete masonry units is controlled by ASTM standards to reduce the effect of weathering and limit the amount of shrinkage due to moisture loss after construction.
ASTM C90
The absorption of concrete masonry units is determined by immersing the units in water for 24 hours.
ASTM C140
Concrete masonry units are specified by their ______.
nominal dimensions
The _____ is greater than its specified (or modular) dimensions by the thickness of the mortar joint, usually 10 mm (3/8 in.)
nominal dimension
____ are available in nominal widths of 100, 150, 200, 250, and 300 mm (4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 in.), heights of 100 and 200 mm (4 and 8 in.), and lengths of 300, 400, and 600 mm (12, 16, and 24 in.).
load-bearing masonry units
Solid concrete masonry units (concrete bricks) are manufactured in two types based on their exposure properties: _____ and ______.
concrete building bricks (ASTM C55), concrete facing bricks (ASTM C1634)
The ____ are manufactured for general use in nonfacing, utilitarian applications.
concrete building bricks
____ are typically used in applications where one or more faces of the unit is intended to be exposed.
concrete facing bricks
The maximum allowable water absorption of the concrete facing bricks is ____ than that of the concrete building bricks.
less
The minimum net area compressive strength of the concrete facing bricks is ____ than that of the concrete building bricks.
higher
_____ are small, rectangular blocks made of fired clay.
clay bricks
_____ are manufactured by grinding or crushing the clay in mills and mixing it with water to make it plastic.
bricks
Clay bricks have an average density of ____.
2 Mg/m^3 (125 pcf)
_____ are used for different purposes, including building, facing aesthetics, floor making, and paving.
clay bricks
____ are used as a structural material and are typically strong and durable.
building bricks (common bricks)