MASM, ALU, Common Syntax , Variables, Data Segments

Question 1

What are the keywords that frame a MASM program?

Question 2

What properties in a MASM program can be changed with directive statements?

Question 3

What are the common data types in MASM programs?

Question 4

What are the basic ALU instructions?

Question 5

Common syntax rules in Assembly

Question 6

How do you identify where variables are stored in memory?

Question 7

How do you calculate data segment memory offsets if given a reference?

Question 8

If a data segment begins at a given memory offsets, what are the addresses of each of the named variables declared in that data segment?

Question 9

Where in memory are data variables stored, and how does the processor know where to find them?

Question 10

This modules assembly instructions

Answer 10

MOV, MOVSX, MOVZX, XCHG
ADD, SUB, INC, DEC
MUL, IMUL, DIV, IDIV
CDQ (within IDIV entry)
AND, OR, XOR
CALL

Question 11

(True or false) END main is a directive that tells the operating system where to begin execution of the program

Answer 11

True

Question 12

(True/False): A MASM program must have a procedure named “main”.

Answer 12

False
The ‘main’ procedure can have any valid identifier, as long as the END directive properly points the assembler to start execution at that identifier address.

Question 13

This directive is used to mark the beginning of the code segment in memory.

Answer 13

.code

Question 14

(True/False): Assembly language directives execute at runtime.

Answer 14

False
Directives are used by the assembler prior to runtime.

Question 15

(True/False): Assembly language directives can be written in any combination of uppercase and lowercase letters.

Answer 15

True

Question 16

Which of the following identifiers are invalid, and why?
count0
1newval
Spacer*
sym4?
loop

Answer 16

valid
invalid - Identifiers cannot start with a number
invalid - Asterisks may not be part of identifiers.
valid
invalid - “loop” is a reserved word, instruction

Question 17

(True/False): An identifier cannot begin with a numeric digit.

Answer 17

True

Question 18

(True/False): B2h is a valid hexadecimal integer literal.

Answer 18

False
Integer literals with non-numeric characters as the first character must be preceded by a 0. Correct format would be 0B2h.

Question 19

(True/False): 4b is a valid binary integer literal .

Answer 19

False
4 is not a valid binary digit.

Question 20

(True/False): A hexadecimal literal may be written as 0x3A in MASM.

Answer 20

False
Proper notation would be 3Ah or 03Ah

Question 21

(True/False): String literals must be enclosed in double-quotes.

Answer 21

False
String literals may be enclosed either in single- or double-quotes.

Question 22

What are the main components of instruction statements?

Answer 22

Code Label (optional)
Instruction Mnemonic (required)
Operands (often required)
Comment (Optional)

[code_label:] mnemonic [operands] [;comment]

For example …

_SumTwoValues: ADD EAX, EBX ;Sum eax/ebx, store result in

Note there is one instruction which does nothing. NOP (no operation) is assembled, but has no function other than to take up space and is sometimes used to align code to specific address boundaries.

Question 23

What are the two types of MASM labels, and what are their functions

Answer 23

Code Lables - provide named instruction addresses and are defined and used in the code segment. They refer to the specific memory locations in the code segment. They allow us to use the label name rather than the address offset when needed.

Data labels - provide named variable addresses and are defined in the data segment;

Question 24

What is the instruction mnemonic?

Answer 24

The code-phrase we use to indicate which instruction we are executing. Often it will be descriptive of the underlying function. We may refer to them simply as ‘instructions’.

Question 25

What are basic uses of operands?

Answer 25

Instructions may have zero, one, or more operands. Some instructions can even be used with a varying number of operands. For instructions which allow multiple operands, MASM syntax usually puts the destination operand, or the operand specifying where the result will go, as the first operand. ADD EAX, EBX would therefore sum the contents of EAX and EBX and store the result in EAX. This ordering is counter-intuitive and causes numerous headaches, but is part of Intel syntax guidelines! Please note there are exceptions where there is a single operand and it is not a destination operand.

Question 26

How can you define comments in MASM?

Answer 26

Single line comments are indicated with a semicolon (;). They often follow a line of code as you’ve already seen on this page, but may be used on their own line as well.

Multi-line (block) comments are specified with the COMMENT directive and a special character (delimiter) which the software engineer defines. All lines following the special character are ignored until the assembler encounters the special character again. For example, using the exclamation point (!) as the special character:

COMMENT !
Name: Grace Hopper
Date: September 9, 1947
Issue: Mark II Aiken Relay Malfunctioning
Resolved: 15:45 Relay #70 Panel F (moth) in relay. First actual case of bug being found.

Question 27

Name the four basic parts of an assembly language instruction.

Answer 27

Code label, instruction mnemonic, operand(s), comment

Question 28

How are data labels and code labels different?

Answer 28

Data labels exist in the data segment as variable offsets. Code labels are in the code segment, and are offsets for transfer of control instructions.

Question 29

(True/False): A code label is followed by a colon (:), but a data label does not end with a colon.

Answer 29

True

Question 30

(True/False): MOV is an example of an instruction mnemonic.

Answer 30

True

Question 31

(True/False): All instructions have operands.

Answer 31

False
Some have none (e.g. STD) while others have one or more (e.g. MUL)

Question 32

Convert the following instructions with operands to the same instruction but with operand types. For example, given ADD EDX, varA you would write ADD reg32, mem32.

Instructions with operands Instruction with operand types
INC AL
MOV varA, AX
MUL EBX
ADD DH, 14

Answer 32

Instructions with operands Instruction with operand types
INC AL INC reg8 or INC accum8
MOV varA, AX MOV mem16, reg16 or MOV mem16, accum16
MUL EBX MUL reg32
ADD DH, 14 ADD reg8, imm or ADD reg8, imm8

Question 33

Convert the following instructions with operand types to the same instruction but with valid operands of the same type. For example, given MOV reg8, imm, one acceptable answer would be MOV AL, ‘q’.
Instructions with operand types Instruction with operands
MOV reg16, reg16
DIV reg32
ADD accum32, imm
MOV mem32, reg32

Answer 33

Instructions with operand types Instruction with operands
MOV reg16, reg16 MOV AX, DX
DIV reg32 DIV EBX
ADD accum32, imm ADD EAX, 4
MOV mem32, reg32 MOV count, ECX or MOV 0A04h, ECX
Note that direct entry of memory addresses such as 0A04h is valid syntax.

Question 34

What are the instruction types that we will use in this class?

Answer 34

Instruction Type Purpose Example
Data Movement- Copy data from one location to another. - MOV, MOVSX, LODSB, XCHG, PUSH
Arithmetic/Logic - Perform arithmetic or logical operations - ADD, IMUL, XOR
Comparison - Compare multiple values to set flags - CMP, TEST
Branching - Transfer program execution to another point in the program space - JMP, JNE, JS
Procedure - Control execution of procedures within program - CALL, RET, ENTER, LEAVE
Control Instructions - Modify the system flags, change how instructions function - CLD, CLI

Question 35

(True/False) An immediate may be a destination operand.

Answer 35

False*
Destination operands must be capable of receiving data. Immediates are literal values and cannot represent registers or memory locations as instruction operands. *Note one exception, the OUT instruction, may have an 8-bit immediate specify an output port.

Question 36

What instruction will subtract the value in the source operand from that of the destination operand, and save the result in the destination operand?

Answer 36

SUB

Question 37

(True/False) The ADD instruction must have an explicit destination operand.

Answer 37

True

Question 38

(True/False) The MUL instruction must have an explicit destination operand.

Answer 38

False
MUL has an implied destination operand (EDX:EAX for 32-bit inputs, DX:AX for 16-bit inputs, and AX for 8-bit inputs).

Question 39

(True/False) The MUL instruction is used to multiply signed integers.

Answer 39

False
IMUL must be used for signed integer multiplication.