Mary Tudor Flashcards
Mary Tudors succession 1553
July 10th 1553, Mary declared herself queen in East Anglia and sought assistance from Charles V. But, the Council rejected her claim.
Mary gathered troops and support in East Anglia from nobles and senior gentry. July 15th, Mary moved to Framingham castle.
Mary’s forces had grown to 20,000, with the Earl of Oxford joining her ranks. The Duke of Suffolk told LJG that she was no longer queen.
In August, celebrations revolving Queen Mary took place in London and Northumberland was executed.
Northumberland’s forces in Mary’ succession
After rewriting Edward’s Devise and marrying his son, Guildford to Lady Jane Grey in May, North. set off with 2000 troops in July believing he had the strength to defeat Mary.
With the Privy Council in the Tower for protection, North. had reached Cambridge, but his forces refused to go to Bury St Edmunds after rumours of Mary’s 30,000 men.
- Retreated back to Cambridge
Northumberland arrested on the 20th July.
Causes of the Wyatt’s revolt
The Wyatt’s Revolt stemmed from the announcement of Mary’s marriage treaty to Phillip in Jan. 1554.
Rebels didn’t want Mary to marry a foreigner, fearing English interest would become subservient to Spain.
Also resented the Catholic restoration, and the slump in the Cloth industry.
The Wyatt’s Revolt
Thomas Wyatt raised 2500 men in Kent joined by Norfolk’s troops. In February, troops were 20 KM west of Kingston, before being stopped at Ludgate by government forces.
90 rebels executed including Wyatt. LJG and her husband executed for being a figurehead although innocent. Crisis as only 0.5 KM away from the Queen in the Tower.
England + Spain declares war on France
As Henry II fought against Phillips attack on anti-spanish Pope Paul IV, England came under pressure to support Spain. England declared war on France in 1557 after an attack from Thomas Stafford.
England strengthened the Scottish garrisons against the ‘Auld alliance’, and sent 7000 soldiers to aid the 70,000 Spanish troops fighting the French.
Phillip defeated Henry II with minimal English support.
France recapture Calais
France launched an attack of 27000 troops against Calais, recapturing it in only 3 weeks as the 2000 English troops hadn’t recieved winter reinforcements.
In response, Mary raised an army of 7000 troops to capture Brest, but only captured Le Conquet.
Phillip didn’t attempt to recover Calais for England after 1558 peace negotiations with Spain.
How significant was the loss of Calais?
Kings of England claimed this land since 1347, and it was the last territory of French mainland controlled by England - Mary’s dependence on Spanish advisers betrayed English interest (humiliating loss)
Protestant propagandists for Elizabeth blamed Mary’s Catholic policy and marrying Phillip for losing Calais.
How did Mary restore the Catholic Faith?
1553, Parliament passed the act of repeal, undoing Edward’s religious change and returning England to the Six Articles.
1554, Royal injunctions enforced act of repeal and reinstated catholic traditions in March- banned clergy marriage. April - parliament passed heresy laws.
November - 2nd Act of repeal undoes anti-papal laws.
Bishop John Rogers was the first victim of heresy laws in 1555. Stephen Gardiner died and Cardinal Pole made Archbishop of Canterbury ramping up burnings.
Reginald Pole’s church restoration
Pole ordered bishops to make regular visitations to their dioceses to make sure the clergy was disciplined.
Issued Twelve Decrees by London Synod 1555 which clamped down on clerical abuses - reduced corruption & made Catholic Church more appealing.
Pole believed in the need for clerical education, so seminaries were established in cathedrals. Pole became Chancellor of Oxbridge Universities, stressing the importance of visitations to universities.
Suppression of Protestant literature
Mary’s 1553 proclamations forbade the printing of seditious rumours. Acts of parliament made slander of Mary or Phillip, and possession of treasonable books punishable by death.
However, 190000 copies of the 1552 Prayer Book was still in circulation. Protestant printers left England on Mary’s accession leaving her with half of Edward’s.
Protestant books were published abroad, outweighing Marian ones.
