Elizabeth I - Foreign Policy Flashcards
Cecil and Scotland - foreign policy
1559, a group of Protestants lords in Scotland deposed Catholic Queen Mary of Guise.
English Secretary of State, Cecil, had to persuade Elizabeth to provide military and naval aid to the Scotts to prevent French restoration of power.
- through the 1560 Treaty of Berwick.
Cecil’s 1560 Treaty of Edinburgh withdrew France from Scotland - Protestant government established under Lord James Stewart.
The Huguenots in France - foreign policy
In 1562, a civil war broke out in France.
Elizabeth came under pressure from Throckmorton & Dudley to send help to the Protestant Huguenots, as France under Catholic Guise wasn’t in English interest.
However, the Huguenots were defeated due to lack of English support, who joined the Catholics to drive England out of France in 1563.
Treaty of Troyes confirmed French control of Calais.
Cloth trade with the Netherlands
3/4 of English trade passed through Antwerp before sold to Low Countries (eg. Netherlands and Belgium). Antwerp businessmen upset with Mary’s Book of Rates, increasing import duties by 75%.
In 1563, Phillip II’s of Spain’s Minister, Granvelle, banned English cloth trade. Elizabeth retaliated by stopping all trade with the Netherlands. But began trading within 12 months after economic impact.
Benefitted as during the trade bloc, trade links established with Baltic and Russia, and cloth trade moved from Antwerp to German cities eg. Hamburg. but showed English reliance on Antwerp trade.
1568, Spain attacked John Hawkins Fleet carrying slave’s for New World colonialists, creating open hostility between the 2 countries.
Spanish trade and Phillip II
1574, Anglo-Spanish trade embargo lifted through convention of Bristol - settled the Bullion dispute and allowed English merchants to practise Protestantism in the Netherlands.
1576, Liz supported the Spanish Fury, sending military & £100,000 to Dutch Estates General in Netherlands. Led to the Pacification of Ghent removing Spain and Phillip II from the Netherlands.
1577, Phillip II broke the treaty by sending Don Juan and Duke of Parma to reconquest Netherlands, who pushed France out in 1579.
Elizabeth sent £100,000 to the French to start another campaign, but Protestant leader William of Orange executed, with Spanish victory in the Netherlands.
Later Spanish Foreign Policy and the Spanish Armada 1585-1603
1585, Treaty of Nonsuch committed 7000 English troops to help rebels in Netherlands.
- Stopped Parma capturing the port of Flushing.
1588, Spanish Armada occurred, with 130 Spanish ships heading towards England. But, were scattered by fire ships and lost the Battle of Gravelines.
1594, the Anglo-Dutch secured Northern Netherlands, and 4000 English men pushed Spain out of France.
Also, an English attack on Cadiz where they looted gold, costing Phillip II $12 million.
Although, Drake and Hawkins killed in Spanish Raid…
1598, Peace treaty signed between Spain and France - English now had an ally on the French throne.
Ireland’s Ulster and Munster Rebellions
Sussex was sent to suppress the O’neill’s rebellion in Ulster but failed due to lack of support from Liz.
- Sussex replaced by Henry Sidney, who ended the rebellion and set up regional councils for control.
Sidney recalled to put down the Fitzgerald rebellion. Concerns rose when Fitzgerald called for Catholic & Foreign aid, and rebellion quickly suppressed.
-New land tax stopped crown expenditure soaring.
1580, Lord Gray’s forces put down a 2nd Fitzgerald rebellion. Massacred Smerwick Garrison, and burned harvest and cattle.
- paved the way for colonisation of Munster.
Tyrone’s Ulster Rebellion suppressed in 1602, after Essex replaced by Mountjoy after losing BOYF.
