Mary I Flashcards
Who was involved in the marriage treaty?
- Mary I was to marry Philip
Who was Philip related to?
- Charles V’s son
When was the marriage first proposed?
- 10th October 1553 - Presented by Charles ambassador, Simon Renard
When did the council consent to the terms of the treaty?
- December 7th 1553
When did the parliament approved the marriage treaty?
- 1554
What part did Philip play in the negotiations?
- Little role, father agreed to most of the terms
What inheritance laws were agreed in the treaty?
- A son of the marriage would inherit England and the low countries, but not Spain (benefits England) - If the only surviving child were to be a daughter, the same provisions would apply - If there were no heirs, or if Mary were to die before Philip, neither he or his heirs had any claim to the English throne
What titles and powers were agreed in the treaty?
- Philip was to receive the title of ‘king’, and rule as joint sovereign - however, he had no authority in his own right (benefits both)
What rules did Philip have to uphold in the treaty?
- Philip could not promote foreigners not to hold office in England (benefits England) - He had to uphold the laws of England (benefits England) - He was not allowed to take the queen or any of their children outside of England without permission of the nobility (benefits England)
What agreement in the marriage treaty was made in compliance to other treaties?
- England was to uphold the treaties of 1543 and 1546 with the Netherlands - This stated that the former should come to the aid with the latter with 6000 men if the provinces were invaded by the French (benefits spain)
What did Mary gain from Philip in the treaty?
- Philip tried to treat Mary with affection - Philip set out to integrate himself in court
What other gains did Mary get from the marriage treaty?
- being involved in the war led to the allocation of peacetime funds to the navy, which Elizabeth benefitted from - Philip helped to negociate Cardinal Pole’s return as Papal Legate
What problems were there with the treaty?
- There was a language barrier, with their common language being French, which Mary could speak and Philip could understand - Philip had a lack of social skills
What happened with Mary regarding pregnancies?
- It is believed today that Mary had two ‘phantom pregnancies’, in which she thought she was pregnant but never really was
What caused tension between Mary and Philip?
- Philip had to form a joint household between his Spanish entourage and the English personal that appointed to him, causing tension
What caused tension between them regarding the war?
- Many anti-Spanish attacks in London - England was drawn into war with France
What was the 1558 Militia Act?
- This laid down a system of Commissioners of Muster - They were responsible for organising the recruitment of regional militias in wartime
What was the Arms Act of 1558?
- This established better procedures for supplying weapons to the royal forces
What were the weaknesses in Mary’s defences?
- Standards of maintenance of the royal fleet had been allowed to slip
What was wrong with Mary’s navy defences?
- She only had 3 serviceable warships as the others had been decomissioned
What did Mary do to improve the Navy?
- She began a major programme of rebuilding and refitting
How far did Mary improve the Navy?
- By 1558 there had been a return to the fleet level under Henry VIII - 6 new ships were built and there was an annual peacetime payment of £14,000
What was the Treaty of Vaucelles?
- This was a truce between France and the Hapsburgs
When was the Treaty of Vaucelles?
- February 1556
What caused the Treaty of Vaucelles to end?
- September 1556 - Philip attacked the anti-Spanish Pope Paul IV, who was allied with the French - England was immediately drawn into the war
What happened regarding the war in January 1557?
- 6,000 troops were sent to the Netherlands to help resist the French attack - French provoked Mary into joining the war
What happened regarding the war in April 1557?
- French openly tolerated exiled English Protestants - Rumours regarding the recapture of Calais - French supported the invasion attempt of Protestant exile Thomas Stafford
How can the French invasion attempt be considered?
- Less powerful than the Mary Rose attack - Arrested in 3 days
When did England declare war on France?
- June 7th 1557
What happened regarding the war in June 1557?
- Navy cleared the channel and patrolled the Atlantic - Garrisons in Scotland were strengthened
When did Scottish Raids in England begin?
- July 1557
What happen regarding the war in August 1557?
- Troops were put on standby at the Calais Pale
How many troops were sent to aid the Spanish in August 1557?
- 7,000 to aid the 70,000 Spanish
When was the Battle of St Quentin and what happened at this battle?
- 10th August 1557 - Philip/Spanish defeated the French army - Minimal English support needed
What did the French do in January 1558?
- Launched a surprise attack across the frozen marshes at Calais
How did the English forces compare to the French forces at Calais?
- 2000 English to 27,000
How was Calais taken?
- Taken in 3 weeks - English sent 7000 and a fleet of 140 ships to attack - only succeeded in capturing Le Conquet
What happened regarding the war in October 1558 - April 1559?
- Philip looked to bring the conflict to an end due to finances
Where did peace talks happen?
- Cateau-Cambresis
What was significant about Philip and the peace talks?
- He did not attempt to recover Calais for England - Mary was dead at this point
What were the economic effects of the loss of Calais?
- P.S. Crowson argued that it was a ‘crippling blow’ for England due to the loss in trade - Robert Titler argues that this is a vast exaggeration as the importance of stable merchants in Calais had been brought to an end by the long term decline in international markets.
What were the effects on image and morale due to the loss of Calais?
- Kings of England has claimed this land since 1347 - humiliating - Protestant propagandists were quick to blame Mary, Catholicism and the marriage for this - Without this propaganda the loss would be recovered from a lot quicker
What were the territorial effects of loosing Calais?
- Calais was the last territory on the French mainland that England controlled - Little could be gained from owning it, and it was a questions as to when the French would take it back
What were the military effects of loosing Calais?
- Calais was used as a springboard to launch Henry VIII’s attacks in the 1520s and 1540s - Was difficult to maintain and expensive due to a permanent garrison
What were the diplomatic effects of loosing Calais?
- Often associated with the failed Anglo-Hapsburg alliance - Mary was seen to betray England by relying on Spanish advisors
What was the First Act of Repeal?
- October 1553 - Swept away all religious changes changes made under Edward VI - Restored England to levels at the death of Henry VIII - Advisors told her not to go any further at this time
What were the Royal Injunctions?
- March 1554 - Bishops were ordered to suppress heresy, remove married clergy, restore holy days, processions and ceremonies
What were Mary’s Heresy Laws?
- April 1554 - Reintroduced - Those who could not renounce their faith would be burnt ( same as Henry VIII) - Parliament only agreed to this when Mary agreed not to return monastic land
What was the Second Act of Repeal?
- January 1555 - Abolished all doctrinal legislation passed since 1529 - This included the 1534 Act of Supremacy, meaning technically - This did not, however, mean that church land was reinstated
What was government policy regarding religion split into?
- Persecution and persuasion (education)
How was education used in regard to religion?
- Emphasis was placed on better training and supervision of parish priests - Bishops were instructed to set up local training schools and make regular visits to observe the work of priests
What was the role of national decrees in Mary’s religious policies?
- National decrees laid down standards expected from priests and new editions of the Prayer Book and Bible were used for guidance
How had Mary changed religion within a year of her succession?
- The senior clergy had been purged of Protestant elements - Work had begun on ordering parish priests to either give up their families or lose their jobs
How did Mary use burnings?
- Protestants who would not renounce their faith were to be burned - this began in 1555
How many suspected Protestants were burned?
- 300
How many were burned in 46 months?
- 280
How many of these were bishops?
37012
How many of these were women?
18629
What happened to Cranmer in 1556?
- He was burned in Oxford
How did Mary view these convictions?
- As necessary, but her advisors disagreed
How did Protestants use Propaganda regarding religion?
- They began to associate Catholicism with intolerance and tried to undermine Mary’s authority - Beyond London there was little resistance
Who was Reginald Pole?
- A prominent Catholic figure in England at the time of Henry VIII’s early reign - His mother and brother were executed in the Exeter conspiracy in 1541
Who was Reginald Pole related to?
- His father was a cousin of Henry VII and his mother was the niece of the Yorkist King Edward IV
What role did Reginald Pole have under Mary?
- Papal Legate - After a year was made Archbishop of Canterbury
Why was there conflict between Reginald Pole and the Pope Paul IV?
- Pope Paul IV was strongly opposed to humanism, which Pole strongly believed in
What happened to Reginald Pole at the end of Mary’s reign?
- The Pope called Pole to Rome to answer for heresy claims - Mary refused to let him leave -He died only a few hours after Mary died in 1558
What problem did Mary face with the Pope?
- The Pope was Anti-Spanish - Pope was in dispute with her husband, meaning she had to go against him
What problems did Mary’s government come to regarding printing?
- Failed to recognise the importance of printing - This meant that Protestants seized crucial Propaganda moments, and used this against Mary
What was the biggest issue with Mary’s religious policies?
- She didn’t live long enough for them to become wholly effective
How did marriage cause the Wyatt Rebellion?
- Mary’s decision to marry Philip of Spain was unpopular as people believed it would lead to foreign invasion - Her council and parliament disapproved
What happened after Mary’s announcement of her marriage?
- There were rumours of plots to remover Mary and replace her with Elizabeth
What did Wyatt declare was the motivation for the rebellion?
- Mary’s marriage to Philip
What did Historian Fletcher argue was another reason for the rebellion?
- ‘The leaders of the four-pronged attack had some sympathies with Protestantism’
How did the leaders of the rebellion have Protestant sympathies?
- Carew promoted it in the West Country - Croft introduced a Protestant liturgy in Ireland - The Duke of Suffolk was a patron of Protestant clergy
How many of the 14 leaders were definite Protestants?
- 8 definite - 3 probable
How else can religion be seen as a cause for the rebellion?
- Wyatt drew a lot of his supporters from Maidstone, a strong protestant place - No figure in the rebellion was catholic
How was the Wyatt Rebellion caused by economy?
- Cloth trade suffered in Kent - Rise in unemployment in the area since 1551
How was social status a cause for the rebellion?
- Mary taking the throne had caused many to lose positions of influence in the local community
In which places did the Wyatt rebellion take place?
- Kent - Devon - Leicestershire - Welsh Borders
When did the Wyatt rebellions originally plan to take place?
- March 1554
What caused the rebels to act sooner than originally thought?
- The Court became aware of a plot and most of the story was revealed - the rebels decided to act immediately rather than wait
Why was the timing for the rebellion poor?
- It was winter, not a good time for the supporters to leave their homes
Where did the attack fail to take off?
- Devon - Leicestershire - Welsh Borders
Why do you think the attacks failed in Devon?
- they were still mindful of the events of 1549
Where was the rebellion more successful and who led this?
- Kent - Wyatt himself
How many men did Wyatt have?
- 2500 to 3000 men
Whom did Wyatt fail to rebel and whom did he persuade instead?
- Couldn’t gather support from the nobility - Had to rely on leadership of social groups below the highest ranks
Why was the rebellion more likely to be successful the closer it got to London?
- there was increased anti-spanish feeling there
What happened on January 25th 1553?
- Wyatt raised his standard at Maidstone - Within 2 days he established headquarters at Rochester
What did Mary do in the events of the rebellion?
- Sent troops to meet rebels under Duke of Norfolk - Claimed Wyatt a traitor - Refused to leave London
What was Wyatt’s large mistake?
- He didn’t act quickly enough when his forces had grown - This delay also gave London a chance to prepare and fortify
What happened of February 6th?
- The crossed the river Thames at Kingston - Main body of rebels was attacked but Wyatt was able to proceed to Charing Cross - Government officials fled at first sight
Where were the rebels defeated?
- Ludgate
What did Wyatt do when Ludgate remained closed?
- Surrender
What happened regarding Princess Elizabeth on February 9th?
- She was arrested for supposed involvement in the plot
How did Mary deal with the rebels?
- Fewer than 100 executed - Didn’t display bodies - Did not execute Courtenay due to fear of unpopularity
What was the impact of the Wyatt rebellion?
- Prevented coronation of Philip - made him less fond of England - Ensured that Mary could not outlaw Elizabeth - Mary had to abandon plans to restore monastic lands
Why was the Wyatt rebellion a threat?
- Foreign aid from French - Kent - close to London and anti-Spanish - Wyatt’s forces grew quickly - aimed to directly overthrow Mary - Princess Elizabeth involved
Why was the Wyatt Rebellion not a threat?
- Only in one place - Didn’t attract support of nobility - Mary offered Wyatt a committee to express grievances - Pardons were made - Mary refused to leave London
How can the Wyatt rebellion be compared to the Cornish rebellion?
- Both had support in Devon - Very different causes - Cornish - many rebels were killed
How can the Wyatt rebellion be compared to the amicable grant?
- Neither had a severe response from the monarch - Different causes - Amicable grant had rebellions in 5 counties - Both had risings in Kent - Neither had the support of the nobility
How can the Wyatt rebellion be compared to the Pilgrimage of Grace?
- Both had economic causes - Grace had the support of the nobility - Grace was significantly bigger - Grace also ended relatively peacefully, apart from Aske
What caused problems for the economy under Mary?
- Heavy rain and harvest failures in 1555-56 - This led to influenza and typhus epidemics that killed 1/10 from 1556-58 - Population increase meant that the these diseases killed 5% between 1556-61 - Real wages fell to 40% lower than early years of the century
How did Mary use the privy council to establish royal finances?
- The role of the privy council in managing the daily running of the government was becoming more established and committees were used to deal with specialist issues
What did Mary try to do to revenue collection?
- Tried to make it more efficient - A new Book of Rates was introduced in May 1558 to improve Crown income from custom duties - Plans were drawn up to revalue the currency after the ‘Great Debasement of the 1540s
What was the Book of Rates and when was this introduced?
- May 1558 - This meant that all goods leaving the country were taxed as past of ordinary revenues
What were the problems with the Book of Rates?
- It took no account of the inflation - It provoked hostility from merchants since the new rates coincided with the collapse of the cloth market
What did Mary do with retrenchments?
- Retrenchment = cutting public expenditure - Continued Northumberland’s policy - The Exchequer was expanded as the Commission of 1552 had recommended, increasing efficiency
How much debt did Mary inherit?
- £185,000
What did Mary’s debt increase to due to the war?
- £300,000
What did Mary do to try and aid debt?
- Sell crown lands
How much money did Mary make from Crown lands in 1554 and 1557?
- 1554 - £5000 per annum - 1557 - £8000 per annum
How much did custom duties increase by in Mary’s reign?
- £29,000 to £83,000
How much money did Mary lose due to her benevolence to the Church?
£29,000 per annum
How much money was brought by attainders against the Duke of Northumberland, Sir Thomas Wyatt and other associates?
- £20,000 per annum - £18,000 in cash and plate
Did Mary do anything about debasement?
- no
What became clear economically by the end of Mary’s reign?
- That the government could not function without new sources of revenue or periodic taxation to meet the costs of normal administration
How does Mary’s use of parliament compare to her siblings?
- 104 Acts in 5 sessions - not very productive in comparison
What does John Guy suggest is the reason for Mary’s unproductiveness in parliament?
- ‘Mostly due to a lack of leadership in the House of Lords’
How did Mary remodel Parliament?
- Replaced radical Bishops - Created 19 new common seats - intervened in elections - dispensed patronage to her supporters
Where did tension arise in Parliament?
- Over issues such as property - Opposition to crown policy was uncommon
When was the Second Parliament in Mary’s reign and how did this differ from the first?
- April 154 - This was more dramatic as tensions rose between Gardiner and Paget
When was the First Fruits and Tenths returned?
- 1555 - 193 for and 126 against
What was Gardiner determined to do?
- supress heresy - exclude Elizabeth from the throne
What did Paget fear Gardiner would do?
- attack property obtained through the dissolution of the monasteries
Why was royal authority maintained in Parliament?
- Interests of the Crown and members were largely the same
How was Mary physically?
- Not 100% healthy - Had a weak heart, extreme headaches and oedema
How did Mary’s illnesses affect her?
- They were a troublesome factor, but were no more intrusive than Edward’s illness - Mary was flexible
Who did Mary bring to the Privy Council and what effect did this have?
- Almost all of her existing servants - This increased factionalism
Which of Edwards principal officers remained in the Privy Council?
- William Paget - Thomas Cheney
Who became the Master of the Household in 1553?
- The Earl of Arundel
Who became The Lord Chamberlain?
The Earl of Oxford
Who replaced Gates as Captain of the Guard?
- Sir Henry Jerningham
Who dominated Mary’s court?
- envoys from Spain and reactionary conservatives
What can be said about the efficiency of Mary’s council?
- Although it was twice the size, its efficiency was enhanced
What was set up in 1554 regarding the Privy Council?
- A system of 12 subcommittees - Each Subcommittee had a function, e.g. the Navy
Which law officers remained under Mary?
- The most able law officers, regardless of their religious stance
