mary i

Question 1

mary’s accession

Answer 1

acted bravely, decisively and quickly
gathered catholic supporters and won over those who resented the brutality in how Kett’s Rebellion had been suppressed.
proclaimed queen in July 1553.

Question 2

initial problems

Answer 2

• was a committed Catholic in a kingdom where reforms in favour of Protestantism were well advanced. - - neither she, nor her most loyal supporters, had any real political experience.

Question 3

mary’s government

Answer 3

• was determined to play an active role in government.
• selected a large group of Privy Councillors to help her e.g. Bishop Stephen Gardiner
• called on the services of moderates from Edward’s reign, such as William Paget. -> brought some factional rivalry, although it provided Mary with some experienced officials.

Question 4

problems in mary’s government

Answer 4

• increasingly ignored the Council and turned instead to Simon Renard, the spanish ambassador acquired tremendous influence over Mary and, until her marriage to Philip of Spain in 1554, which he promoted, virtually directed English affairs.
• also relied on Cardinal Reginald Pole, who arrived in England in 1554 and became Archbishop of Canterbury in 1556

Question 5

disagreements between mary and her ministers

Answer 5

• sig minority of MPs opposed reversal of ed’s religious reforms
• reluctant to restore property to the church- concerned for property rights (+ self interest)
• parliament defeated 1555 bill to allow seizure of protestant exile’s property
• opposition over the issue of succession

Question 6

marriage prospects

Answer 6

mary = 37 and needed an heir
1. Edward Courtenay, Earl of Devon (Gardiner) BUT would provoke factional rivalry and was incapable of ruling
2. Philip of Spain (Paget) and favoured by mary BUT public opinion = hostile

Question 7

marriage to philip of spain

Answer 7

mary ignored parliament and married him without PC’s permission + help from renard

Question 8

marriage treaty 1554

Answer 8

• title of king but no power
• absolved england from supporting Philip’s wars
• philip = no claim to the crown
• forbade foreigners from holding english offices

Question 9

failure of the marriage

Answer 9

• philip spent v little time in england
• 1554- parliament rejected a bill that would inc philip in a treason act
• 1555 parliament prevented philip’s coronation as king

Question 10

plans for succession

Answer 10

elizabeth = heir if no issue
BUT:
- protestant
- resented her as the reason for her parent’s divorce
- believed she was illegitimate

Question 11

elizabeth’s treatment by mary

Answer 11

imprisoned in the ToL after Wyatt rebellion 1554
released after no proof of her involvement
named her as heir 11 days before she died

Question 12

main influences on mary’s foreign policy

Answer 12

• desire to restore papal supremacy
• advance philip as her choice of husband
  both = achieved 1554

Question 13

setbacks in restoring papal supremacy

Answer 13

1555- anti-spanish pope paul iv elected
led to renewed war between france and spain
mary = supported spain (and indirectly went to war against the papacy by declaring war against france)

Question 14

war with france

Answer 14

paget (hoped to gain credit) supported expedition to northern france 1557
successfully repulsed minor invasion from the scots
campaign = disaster as loss of calais in 1558 (last english possession on the continent)

Question 15

initial problems inhibiting religious change

Answer 15

strong protestant minority in the south
protestant church = established in statute law
political elites had gained land from the church and would not give it back

Question 16

solutions to religious problems at the beginning of the reign

Answer 16

• prominent protestant clergy inc 7 bishops = deprived of their livings
• foreign protestants = ordered to leave the country
• 80 MPs voted against the religious changes of her 1st parliament

Question 17

mary’s first parliament

Answer 17

edwardian religious legislation = repealed
legal status of CofE = upheld
church = restored to 1547 state
married clergy could be deprived of their livings

Question 18

1554 religious changes

Answer 18

pope agreed not to try to claim church land back
cardinal pole = sent to england as legate and Archbishop of Canterbury, to facilitate a change to catholicism

Question 19

mary’s 3rd parliament 1554-55

Answer 19

act of repeal restored heresy laws- punishable by death to deny papal supremacy
act of supremacy 1555 made pope = leader of the church

Question 20

reaction to 3rd parliament

Answer 20

act of repeal = sparked furious debate
pope paul iv dismissed pole as papal legate 1557

Question 21

persecution of protestant

Answer 21

oxford martyrs = Cranmer, Ridley and Latimer
274 protestants burned at the stake -> bloody mary (from liz’s time)
turned people against mary -> unpopular

Question 23

pole’s reforms

Answer 23

• increase no of priests
• appointed new bishops- oversee parishes
• proposed cathedrals should have a seminary for education of priests
  durham and lancashire = embraced reforms
  BUT reign = too short to have much impact, and many areas resisted

Question 24

long term effects on the economy

Answer 24

• population growth
• limited increase in productivity (especially in agriculture)
  = caused inflation

Question 25

medium term effects on the economy

Answer 25

debasement of the coin- made inflation worse

Question 26

short term effects on the economy

Answer 26

• harvest failures 1555-56 (severe food shortages, strain on real wages for the poor)
• impact of ‘sweating sickness’ outbreak 1557-58
• high taxes to pay for war on france

Question 27

attempts to address economic issues

Answer 27

• 1556-58: re-coinage plans were drawn up (although not carried out until Elizabeth was queen).
• 1555: the Poor Law Act ordered licensed beggars to wear badges to encourage fellow parishioners into donating more alms for poor relief.
• Encouraged conversion of pasture land to crop farming.
• Movement of industries from town to countryside was discouraged in an attempt to reduce urban unemployment.
  Not all measures were a success, however, and any benefits were not realised until Elizabeth’s reign

Question 28

area of economic success

Answer 28

reorganisation of administration and finance of the navy
6 new ships built
others repaired- foundation of powerful navy in Elizabeth’s reign

Question 29

wyatt’s rebellion 1553-54

Answer 29

causes:
- anti-spanish feeling
- anti-catholic
- social and economic grievances
hoped to replace mary with either LJG or elizabeth
risings in:
- Devon (led by Courtenay)
- hertfordshire
- leicestershire
- kent - Wyatt ~3000 men
failed, though demonstrated extent of hostility to the marriage and strength of protestants

Question 30

catholicism and humanism

Answer 30

weakened humanism’s influence
pope paul iv banned catholics from reading erasmus
religious thought = focused on change on a parish level

Question 31

pov of protestants in exile

Answer 31

divided
some happy to use 1552 prayer book and operate in existing structures
others e.g. Knox wanted more radical reform