edward vi

Question 1

accession of Edward as king

Answer 1

9 years old in 1547- crown was insecure

Question 2

regency council

Answer 2

would govern until Edward became of age
- Gardiner and Norfolk = excluded
- 16 members supported by 12 others

Question 3

religious conservatives in the regency council

Answer 3

• thomas wriothesley- Lord Chancellor
• william paulet
• cuthbert turnstall
• henry fitzalan (12 outer members)

Question 4

religious reformers in the regency council

Answer 4

• edward seymour
• Archbishop Cranmer
• Sir Anthony Denny (MP)

Question 5

edward seymour becoming lord protector

Answer 5

uncle of edward
within days the regency council delegated to seymour
named himself lord protector and duke of somerset

Question 6

somerset’s supporters

Answer 6

• Archbishop Cranmer
• Sir William Paget (H8’s private secretary)
• John Dudley (later Duke of Northumberland)

Question 7

somerset’s style of govt

Answer 7

used members of his own household
controlled PC by appointing his brother-in-law, Sir Michael Stanhope as Groom of the Stool and Chief gentleman of the PC

Question 8

public’s view of somerset’s government

Answer 8

acceptance = uncertain
Cranmer had to publish ‘On Obedience’ to be read in parish churches emphasising that disobedience to the king = mortal sin

Question 9

somerset’s enemies in government

Answer 9

alienated former supporters by his dictatorial arrogant manner
- Wriothesley = dismissed from chancellorship, losing seat on the PC
- Thomas Seymour = conspired with Wriothesley to turn edward against somerset -> charged with treason 1549
- Henry FitzAlan and William Paulet = plotted to unseat somerset

Question 10

somerset’s weakening position

Answer 10

policy failings e.g. poor showing in war with Scotland and mishandling of rebellion in 1549 weakened his position

Question 11

foreign wars under somerset

Answer 11

war with both scotland and france- inherited from H8, threatened security and succession
chose to continue war despite cost- £600,000
hoped to unite through marriage of Mary QoS to Edward

Question 12

plot to overthrow somerset

Answer 12

by autumn 1549- Dudley joined Wriothesley, FitzAlan and Paulet in a plot to remove him

Question 13

somerset’s arrest

Answer 13

arrested on the orders of the Regency Council and surrendered as was promised by Cranmer no treason charges would be pressed
was promptly committed to the ToL

Question 14

dudley (DoN)’s rise to prominence

Answer 14

him and cranmer convinced edward to appoint new religious reformers to the regency council and PC

Question 15

wriothesley’s attempt to gain power

Answer 15

attempted to regain prominence by charging dudley with treason
scheme backfired
dudley had wriothesley and fitzalan placed under house arrest

Question 16

john dudley becoming lord president of the PC

Answer 16

consolidated his power and became LP in 1550
son john married somerset’s daughter anne

Question 17

somerset’s demise

Answer 17

double-dealing led to his re-arrest in 1551 and execution in 1552

Question 18

dudley as duke of northumberland

Answer 18

made himself DoN in 1551, but tried to avoid the concentration of power that led to somerset’s downfall

Question 19

northumberland’s govt

Answer 19

moved away from conciliar government
had William Paget who tried to draw up new guidelines sent to the ToL in 1551
more pragmatic and capable e.g. put down 1549 rebellions

Question 20

northumberland’s successes

Answer 20

• educated edward in government
• supported protestant reform and Cranmer’s work

Question 21

northumberland’s failures

Answer 21

• not universally popular
• power entirely rested on edward’s survival

Question 22

edward’s illness

Answer 22

health declined rapidly in 1553- had many successive illnesses until it was evident he was dying

Question 23

succession crisis

Answer 23

1544 succession act said mary was his heir- problem as catholicism would be restored and she was female- edward himself didn’t want her as heir

Question 24

northumberland’s solution to the succession crisis

Answer 24

encouraged edward to write his ‘devyse on succession’ which named lady Jane Grey
(granddaughter of H8’s sister), his son’s wife as heir
june 1553- elizabeth and mary = declared illegitimate

Question 25

edward's death and LJG's accession

Answer 25

died 6th July 1553- without parliamentary sanction his 'devyse' had no status nevertheless, northumberland declared LJG as queen on the 9th

Question 26

reaction to LJG's accession

Answer 26

PC initially agreed but crews on ships sent by northumberland to stop mary from going to london defected, the cause was lost most of the ruling elites deserted her LJG and her husband = sent to the tower Northumberland = executed 1553 LJG = executed 1554

Question 27

battle of pinkie 1547

Answer 27

somerset defeated the scots- proved too expensive to garrison border forts + failed to prevent French from relieving Edinburgh allowed French to take Mary to France in 1548 and get betrothed to the Dauphin

Question 28

somerset's military strategy

Answer 28

costly + unpopular 1549- threatened by a French invasion-Northumberland had to negotiate peace: - abandoned garrisons in scotland - returned boulogne to the french = humiliating

Question 29

religion at the start of his reign

Answer 29

changed structurally but not in doctrine many areas = religious belief has scarcely been touched policy moved firmly towards protestantism

Question 30

religious changes under somerset

Answer 30

= moderate reformer - 1547 treason act- allowed religious issues = discussed and removed censorship - 1547- act ending masses for the souls of the dead - spate of iconoclasm in london, 1538 injunctions against pilgrimages and other practises = reissued - 1549- Cranmer's prayer book enforced by Act of Uniformity

Question 31

reasons for northumberland's more radical change

Answer 31

- cranmer = more radical (evidence = 1552 prayer book) - edward's growing influence = saw mission to destroy idolatry - more radical senior clergy e.g. Nicholas Ridley - continental reformers = in england

Question 32

religious change under northumberland

Answer 32

- removal of altars + reform of services to be lutheran/calvinist - 1552 book of common prayer + 2nd act of uniformity removed remaining conservative ceremonies + gave protestant form of practises e.g. baptism and confirmation (eliminated ambiguity present in the 1549 ver) - banned vestments - restricted church music - 42 articles 1553- official protestant statement of doctrine (never implemented)

Question 33

impact of religious changes

Answer 33

- plainer services, trad practises declined - 1550 Hooper admitted the pace of reform was limited by the uncooperative public - loss of charitable functions of monasteries and chantries- less care for the ill or provision of education

Question 34

economic situation in 1547

Answer 34

- high unemployment - growth of pop - increasing enclosure - fall in demand for english cloth

Question 35

steps to address economic situation

Answer 35

somerset: - proclaimed against enclosure + sheep tax (only affected small farmers) - debasement of coinage (-> further inflation) Northumberland: - commission to improve royal financial admin (took time)

Question 36

western (prayer book) rebellion 1549

Answer 36

catalyst = new book of common prayer + sheep tax besieged exeter but defeated by lord russell

Question 37

kett rebellion 1549 (summer)

Answer 37

rebels led by Kett captured Norwich causes: - hatred of local officials - anti-enclosure - local frustration at the Howards somerset = forced to send an army under the leadership of dudley brutally suppressed, kett = hanged

Question 38

other 1549 risings

Answer 38

motivated by: - inflation and high food prices - religious grievances - resentment of taxation

Question 39

threat of the rebellions

Answer 39

- died out quickly- insufficient support/action of local gentry - led to fall of somerset Northumberland tried to fix situation by: - ending wars - reorganising financial admin -- poor law 1552- created 'collector of alms' in each parish who registered those available for poor relief

Question 40

intellectual developments under edward

Answer 40

contest between christian humanism and more radical protestants- both sides published tracts

Question 41

moderate intellectuals

Answer 41

- gardiner - influences cranmer - cecil

Question 42

intellectual reformers

Answer 42

- hugh latimer (court preacher 47-50) - john hooper ed's death destroyed both contending groups