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Inorganic Chemistry Semester One > Mary > Flashcards

Mary Flashcards

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1
Q

What block of elements contains the transition metals?

A

The D block

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2
Q

Why are they called transition metals?

A

Because they contain partially filled d orbitals

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3
Q

For a given principle quantum number how many d orbitals are there with the same radial wavefunction?

A

5

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4
Q

What is the principle quantum number and the secondary quantum number l for the 3d and 4d orbitals?

A

Principle 3 and 4

Secondary l = 2 for both

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5
Q

What is the value of 1 x r or the Bohr radius?

A

0.529 armstrongs

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6
Q

Why does the 3d orbital have 0 nodes at r>0 ?

A

N=3 is the first appearance of the d-orbital type

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7
Q

Why does each d orbital have a different spatial shape and/or orientation?

A

Because each of the 5 d orbitals have a different angular function

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8
Q

Why does the 4s orbital fill before the 3d?

A

3d orbitals are higher in energy than the 4s.

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9
Q

What is the RDF max?

A

Most likely distance of finding an electron in the orbital

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10
Q

Why does the 4s fill before the 3d when the rdf max for 4s is higher than that for 3d?

A

When empty the 4s has lower energy than the 3d orbital because it penetrates it.this means that the 4s electron can sometimes get closer to the nucleus than the 3d electron and this lowers the energy of the 4s below the 3d and hence the 4s fills first.

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11
Q

Why do the 4s electrons get lost first when forming cations?

A

When occupied the 4s has higher energy than 3d in energy, so w hen forming ions the 4s are lost first

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12
Q

Transition metal compounds have n d electrons. What are the limits for n?

A

0

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13
Q

When would a transition metal have free radicals?

A

When the value of n is odd

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14
Q

When does paramagnetism result?

A

When there is an odd number of electrons

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15
Q

Unpaired electrons in d block elements gives rise to what type of behaviour?

A

Paramagnetic

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16
Q

Colour in d block elements is characteristic of what

A

Incompletely filled d orbitals

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17
Q

How are lower energy arrangements achieved when transition metals are involved in compounds?

A

The outer s electrons will move to the d orbitals to give a lower energy arrangement

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18
Q

What year and by who was crystal field theory developed?

A

1929 by Hans Bethe

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19
Q

In what year by who used crystal field theory used to interpret some properties of transition metals?

A

In 1932 by John Hasbrouck Van Vleck

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20
Q

What 3 assumptions are made with crystal field theory?

A
  1. Interactions between ligands and metals are purely electrostatic
  2. The metal and ligands are point charges; lone pairs of ligand electrons are treated as negative charges and the metal centres treated as point positive charges
  3. No metal ligand covalent interactions are considered
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21
Q

What happens when you introduce a spherical field of ligands to a free metal ion?

A

The energy of the d Orbitals remains the equivalent (they are degenerate) the overall energy of the orbitals and the electrons within them are uniformly raised (relative to the free metal ion)

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22
Q

What happens to the d orbitals when the ligands come into bonding distance from the metal ion?

A

The ligands point directly at the lobes of the metal dz2 and dx2-y2 orbitals
The electron electron repulsions will raise the energies of these orbitals with respect to the barycentre
By the same token the energy of the electrons in metal d orbitals whose lobes point in between then ligands dxy, dxz and dyz is lowered with respect to the spherical field
The total energy of the orbital remains the same

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23
Q

What are the stabilised dxy, dxz and dyz orbitals labelled as in an octahedral complex

A

The t2g set

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24
Q

What is the label given to the dz2 and the dx2-y2 orbitals in an octahedral complex?

A

Eg set

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25
Q

What is the difference in energy between the eg and t2g set called?

A

Delta oct

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26
Q

How much energy is the t2g orbital stabilised by

A

-2/4 x delta oct

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27
Q

How much energy is the eg set stabilised by?

A

3/5 delta oct

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28
Q

What are the two possible geometries for ML4 complexes containing d block metals?

A

Tetrahedral and square planar

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29
Q

How is a tetrahedral crystal field created?

A

When the four ligand point charges are placed at alternate corners of the cube on the same axis frame

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30
Q

Why is the splitting of orbitals in tetrahedral arrangements not as large as in octahedral arrangements?

A

Because none of the ligands in a tetrahedral arrangement point directly at the lobes of the orbitals

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31
Q

What are the symmetry labels for tetrahedral sets of orbitals and why?

A

No symmetry label as the arrangement of ligands around the metal centre does not have inversion symmetry.

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32
Q

What is the label given to the dxy, dxz and dyz orbitals in a tetrahedral split and what amount of energy is this set raised by from the barycentre?

A

T2 set

Raised by 2/5 delta get

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33
Q

What is the label given to the dz2 and dx2-y2 orbital? And how much energy is this set lowered by from the barycentre

A

E set

-3/5 delta tet

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34
Q

Is delta test higher or lower than delta oct for the same metal ion and M-L distances?

A

Lower

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35
Q

Why is delta tet lower than delta oct?

A

Because the ligands don’t point directly at the lobes

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36
Q

What is the general equation for delta tet and delta oct?

A

Delta tet is 4/9 of delta oct

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37
Q

For what transition metals is square planar geometry more common?

A

D8 metals

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38
Q

What is the crystal field like for square planar geometry?

A

The metal-ligand e-e repulsions along the z-axis are removed and orbitals with a z component are stabilised.
The dx2-y2 and dxy orbitals are further destabilised with respect to the octahedral case

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39
Q

What orbitals change over in energetic ordering in the square planar case?

A

Dxy and dz2

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40
Q

What equation relates delta sp and delta oct

A

Delta sp is equal to 1.3 x delta oct

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41
Q

What type of distortion is seen in between octahedral and square planar geometry?

A

Tetragonal distortion

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42
Q

What happens in a tetragonal distortion?

A

There is a M-L extension along the Z axis and an M-L compression along the x and y axes

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43
Q

Describe what the CF splitting diagram for tetragonal distortion?

A

Similar to that of square planar except the dz2 and the dxy do not cross over energetically. The energy of the dz2 is higher than dxy. Because there are ligands in the z axis

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44
Q

What property of ligands changes the colour of a complex?

A

Increase in frequency and therefore an increase in energy

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45
Q

What does the spectrochemical series of ligands show?

A

The increasing order of ability to split the crystal field

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46
Q

Why do delta oct and delta tet increase with increasing oxidation state?

A

Higher charged cations have smaller radii and hence shorter M-L distances

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47
Q

Why does delta tet and delta oct increase as you go down a group?

A

M-L bonding improves due to expanded 4d and 5d orbitals

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48
Q

What is the CFSE or LFSE given by?

A

(-0.4x+0.6y) x delta oct

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49
Q

What is a high spin configuration?

A

The arrangement with the highest number of parallel spins

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50
Q

What is a low spin configuration?

A

The arrangement with the fewest parallel spins

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51
Q

What is the strong coloumbic repulsion called that occurs between electron pairs in an orbital?

A

Pairing energy, P

52
Q

When does a high spin configuration occur?

A

When delta oct is less than the pairing energy

53
Q

When does a low spin configuration occur?

A

When delta oct is greater than the pairing energy

54
Q

How would you calculate the number of P(pairing energies) in the CFSE?

A

No of electron pairs in the crystal field - no of electron pairs in the spherical field

55
Q

Why will a low spin complex not form for a d3 tetrahedral complex?

A

Because delta tet is small and so will be less than the pairing energy

56
Q

When is a high spin and low spin configuration observed for d8 complexes?

A

High - when ligand on the metal is lower in the soectrochemical series resulting in a tetrahedral complex being formed so delta tet is small
Low - when ligand on the metal is high in the spectrochemical series resulting in a square planar complex being formed because the CFSE is large enough delta sp is large

57
Q

Why do transition metal complexes appear coloured?

A

Transitions occur in the visible and ultraviolet regions of the EM spectrum

58
Q

What region of the electromagnetic spectrum is ultraviolet?

A

200-740 nm

59
Q

Why does a ‘yellow’ complex appear yellow?

A

Because it absorbs more of the other spectral wavelengths than yellow in its electronic transitions

60
Q

What transition types can occur?

A

Ligand spectra
Counter ion spectra
Charge stransfer spectra
Crystal field transitions

61
Q

What is happening when E is greater than delta oct in a uv via experiment? (Before lambda max)

A

The ligands are closer to the metal than at lambda max so more electron electron repulsions

62
Q

What is happening when E is less than delta oct in a uv vis experiment? (Before lambda max)

A

Ligands move further away from the metal than delta oct due to less electron electron repulsions

63
Q

How do you calculate the delta oct from a uv-vis experiment?

A

hc1/lambda = E

64
Q

Who came up with the rule of average environment?

A

Jorgensen

65
Q

What does the rule of average environment state?

A

The position of a peak in a complex TiL3X3 will be midway between the other two complexes TiL6 and TiX6

66
Q

How is the Jain-teller effect defined?

A

If the ground state electronic configuration of a non-linear molecule is orbitally degenerate, then the molecule will distort so as to remove the degeneracy and achieve lower energy

67
Q

When does orbital degeneracy arise?

A

Where there is more than one electronic configuration possible with equal energy

68
Q

For what configurations would you get a Jahn-Teller distortion?

A

d1, d2, d4, d6, d7 and d9

69
Q

What do the biggest Jahn-Teller effects have been noted for ground state electronic configurations that have…

A

Degeneracy in eg orbital occupancy

70
Q

How are absorption bands described?

A

In terms of wavelength corresponding to the absorption maximum

71
Q

What is the molar extinction coefficient?

A

The measure of intensity (strength) of a transition at Amax

72
Q

What is the Beer-Lambert Law?

A

Emax=Amax/conc x l

73
Q

For what low spin configurations would you expects the Jahn-teller effects be greatest?

A

When the degenerate orbitals are in the eg set

74
Q

What does a bigger molar extinction coefficient mean?

A

The more intense the colour of the sample

75
Q

How many selection rules are there?

A

3

76
Q

What is the equation for delta spin?

A

Sum of ms values for the ground state - sum of the ms values for the excited state

77
Q

What is the spin selection rule?

A

Delta S is equal to 0

The spin of the electron before and after the selection must be the same

78
Q

What is the orbital/Laporte selection rule?

A

Delta L is equal to +-1 for allowed orbital transitions

79
Q

What is the parity rule?

A

In a molecules /ion with a centre of symmetry, a transition must invoke s change in parity

80
Q

Is g to u parity allowed?

A

Yes

81
Q

Is g to g or u to u parity allowed?

A

No it is disallowed or parity forbidden

82
Q

Are d to d transitions in octahedral complexes parity allowed?

A

Parity forbidden

83
Q

Are d to d transitions in tetrahedral complexes parity allowed?

A

Yes they are parity allowed

84
Q

What happens to the colour of a complex as the number of selection rules met increases?

A

The intensity will increase

85
Q

What is the transition from a ligand to metal?

A

Ligand to metal charge transfer

86
Q

What is the Emax of spin, orbital and parity forbidden complex?

A

1

87
Q

What is the Emax of spin allowed, orbital and parity forbidden complex?

A

10-100

88
Q

What is the Emax of spin allowed, orbital forbidden and parity allowed complex?

A

500

89
Q

What is the Emax of spin and orbital allowed complex?

A

1000-50000

90
Q

Which complexes are more intensely coloured generally octahedral or tetrahedral?

A

Tetrahedral

91
Q

Why do d to d transitions occur at all?

A

-octahedral complexes can undergo asymmetrical vibrations which destroy the centre of inversion
-complexes may not be perfectly octahedral and hence there is no real inversion centre
-orbitals can mix with each other which means transitions may not be d to d in nature
A spin forbidden transition has more impact on reducing the colour intensity than an orbital forbidden transition

92
Q

What is the molar susceptibility a measure of?

A

The amount of magnetism induced per unit volume of sample and is usually expressed in units of cm3 mol-1.

93
Q

How is magnetisation achieved?

A

By the alignment of the electron spins

94
Q

What does mew b have a value of and what does it represent in terms of magnetism on a buoy balance?

A

9.294x10-24 J T-1 and it represents the magnetic moment of a single electron orbiting a nucleus

95
Q

What does a large mew eff value mean

A

High levels of paramagnetism and more unpaired electrons

96
Q

What is temperature dependant paramagnetism?

A

When a ground state electronic configuration has triple orbital degeneracy, the magnetic moment varies with temperature

97
Q

What are spinels?

A

Beautiful gemstones which are quite rare. They come in many colours the most common being red

98
Q

What is the William Irving series?

A

Refers to the stability especially of complexes formed by divalent transition metal ions in the first row.
Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn

99
Q

What is the explanation for the William Irving series?

A

The ionic radius decreases from Mn to Zn
CFSE increases from 0 for Mn to maximum for nickel
Although CFSE OF Cu is less than Ni. Octahedral Cu is subjected or the Jahn-Teller effect which gives it more stability
Recent study of metal thiolate complexes shows the interplay between electrostatic and covalent interactions

100
Q

What is the spin selection rule?

A

Delta S is equal to 0

The spin of the electron before and after the selection must be the same

101
Q

What is the orbital/Laporte selection rule?

A

Delta L is equal to +-1 for allowed orbital transitions

102
Q

What is the parity rule?

A

In a molecules /ion with a centre of symmetry, a transition must invoke s change in parity

103
Q

Is g to u parity allowed?

A

Yes

104
Q

Is g to g or u to u parity allowed?

A

No it is disallowed or parity forbidden

105
Q

Are d to d transitions in octahedral complexes parity allowed?

A

Parity forbidden

106
Q

Are d to d transitions in tetrahedral complexes parity allowed?

A

Yes they are parity allowed

107
Q

What happens to the colour of a complex as the number of selection rules met increases?

A

The intensity will increase

108
Q

What is the transition from a ligand to metal?

A

Ligand to metal charge transfer

109
Q

What is the Emax of spin, orbital and parity forbidden complex?

A

1

110
Q

What is the Emax of spin allowed, orbital and parity forbidden complex?

A

10-100

111
Q

What is the Emax of spin allowed, orbital forbidden and parity allowed complex?

A

500

112
Q

What is the Emax of spin and orbital allowed complex?

A

1000-50000

113
Q

Which complexes are more intensely coloured generally octahedral or tetrahedral?

A

Tetrahedral

114
Q

Why do d to d transitions occur at all?

A

-octahedral complexes can undergo asymmetrical vibrations which destroy the centre of inversion
-complexes may not be perfectly octahedral and hence there is no real inversion centre
-orbitals can mix with each other which means transitions may not be d to d in nature
A spin forbidden transition has more impact on reducing the colour intensity than an orbital forbidden transition

115
Q

What is the molar susceptibility a measure of?

A

The amount of magnetism induced per unit volume of sample and is usually expressed in units of cm3 mol-1.

116
Q

How is magnetisation achieved?

A

By the alignment of the electron spins

117
Q

What does mew b have a value of and what does it represent in terms of magnetism on a buoy balance?

A

9.294x10-24 J T-1 and it represents the magnetic moment of a single electron orbiting a nucleus

118
Q

What does a large mew eff value mean

A

High levels of paramagnetism and more unpaired electrons

119
Q

What is temperature dependant paramagnetism?

A

When a ground state electronic configuration has triple orbital degeneracy, the magnetic moment varies with temperature

120
Q

What are spinels?

A

Beautiful gemstones which are quite rare. They come in many colours the most common being red

121
Q

What is the general composition of a spinel structure?

A

A2+B3+)2 O4

122
Q

What is the parent spinel structure of a Ruby?

A

MgAl2O4

123
Q

If the CFSE of the B is greater than A what type of spinel do you get?

A

Normal

124
Q

If the CFSE of the A is greater than Bwhat type of spinel do you get?

A

Inverse Spinel

125
Q

What happens in an inverse spinel structure?

A

The divalent ions swap places with half of the trivalent ions

Inorganic Chemistry Semester One (2 decks)

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