Marxist

Question 1

Traditional marxist argue

Answer 1

The crime is a product of poverty and crime is brought about by capitalism. They recognise that its functional but they state the bourgeoisie gains far more than other classes. They are highly critical of the ideas and values of a capitalist society which they call a “capitalist ideology”

Question 2

Capitalism

Answer 2

They argue that its capitalism that causes crime, because its an economic system thats based on the exploitation of the many by the few. Its values include greed and selfishness. The answer to stopping crime is to replace it with communism.

Question 3

Criminogenic

Answer 3

Captialism is criminogenic meaning its very nature causes crime.

Question 4

Gordon

Answer 4

Argues capitalism causes inequalities in wealth/income/employment.

Question 5

Slapper and Tombs

Answer 5

Argue that corporate crime should be defined as law breaking committed by or for corporations which furthers the interest of the corporation. They founded the term “white collar”.

Question 6

State crime

Answer 6

This is crimes committed by the government such as terrorism/war torture. This was seen in operation solstice where police beat men women and children because the government was eager to stop the festival from becoming a national event.

Question 7

Crimes against consumers

Answer 7

These include manufacturing or selling food that is unfit for human consumption, or falsely describing the content. This was saw in the horse meat scandal.

Question 8

Crimes against employees

Answer 8

Include failing to meet health and safety regulations which can lead to injury or death of the employee.

Question 9

Environmental offences

Answer 9

These included polluting the environment with toxic waste. Such as Adidas recently polluting water with toxic waste.

Question 10

Financal Frauds

Answer 10

False accounting etc some see this as not harmful because they don’t lead to health concerns or death but many lose lots of money.

Question 11

Althusser

Answer 11

Said the law is an ideological state apparatus which makes sure that its normal to have some obscenely poor and obscenely wealthy.

Question 12

Chambliss

Answer 12

Found a linked between the ruling class and mafia in seattle showing that the law was not applied to those in power, ideological hegemony ensures that these ideas are not even discussed.

Question 13

Pearce

Answer 13

Argues that many laws which appear to benefit only the working class in reality benefit the ruling class as well. such as factory legislation.

Question 14

Snider

Answer 14

Notes that the capitalist state is often reluctant to pass laws that threaten the profit of big business, the government don’t want to risk upsetting them.

Question 15

Bhopal

Answer 15

Union carbide had a chemical plant in Bhopal the leakage of the plant led to the death of thousands because of ignored health and safely. The plant was set up there because the pollution laws were not as rigid as the west. In terms of what snider said the indian government ignored this to attract the capitalist development allowing profits to be made.

Question 16

Communist countries

Answer 16

It has been argued that marxist over estimate the extent that “capitalism causes crime” They assume there is some kind of communist utopia where all crime will be eradicated but its not like this in the soviet union and there is low crime in capitalist countries such as Switzerland.

Question 17

New criminology

Answer 17

Rejects the traditional marxist approach that workers are driven by economic necessity but it is in fact an act of rebellion. They are not passive who’s behaviour is shaped by capitalism but they are striving to change capitalism.

Question 18

Full social deviance

Answer 18

Trying to create this idea using traditional marxist ideas about the unequal distribution of wealth and interactions, about the meaning of a deviant act. It aims to understand the meanings and motives of the act and how the impact of a deviant label. Crimes should be seen as “people fighting back”

Question 19

Gilroy

Answer 19

Studies ethnic minority groups and suggested that they are conscious and deliberate acts not by structural forces. Because of the oppressive, corrupt white society.

Question 20

Marxist subculture

Answer 20

Looks at youth cultures and the differences in class background, they state that the ruling class control through education and the media. They impose values, this known as hegemony. Most people don’t “rock the boat” but young people can because they have no jobs or responsibilities.

Question 21

Brake

Answer 21

Found that being part of a subculture offers magical solutions faces by working class youths such as unemployment and urban decay.

Question 22

Hall and Jefferson

Answer 22

Stated that subcultures are an reaction agains capitalism, the criminogenic society so they are working class heroes.

Question 23

Clarke

Answer 23

Skinhead stressed against capitalism

Question 24

Importance of Neomarxism

Answer 24

It attempts to remove the excessive structural determinism of conventional marxism. It sees room for individual action and choice as well as the economic forces and inequalities of capitalist societies.