Marxism

Question 1

why type of theory is the marxist theory?

Answer 1

a structural conflict theory

Question 2

how do Marxists view society?

Answer 2

society is capitalist and characterised by two main social classes

Question 3

what are the two main social classes Marxist believe make up society?

Answer 3

the bourgeoisie and the Proletariat

Question 4

what is the Bourgeoisie?

Answer 4

own the mean of production

Question 5

what is the Proletariat?

Answer 5

sell their labour

Question 6

what does the Marxist theory say the Bourgeoisie does to the Proletariat?

Answer 6

exploits them, leading to social inequality and conflict

Question 7

what do Marxist say the crimes of the powerful are?

Answer 7

white-collar crimes and corporate crimes

Question 8

Marxist say white-collar and corporate crimes are overlooked by?

Answer 8

the justice system but can be more damaging then street crime

Question 9

who do Marxists say controls the law?

Answer 9

the ruling class, shaping it to serve their interest and protect their power

Question 10

why are the Bougeoisie more likely to get away with crime?

Answer 10

because they control crime enforcement

Question 11

what do marxist mean by capitalism being crimiongenic?

Answer 11

the capitalist system encourages criminal behaviour

Question 12

what does a society placing heavy emphasis on commodity consumption lead to?

Answer 12

a culture of envy and greed which can encourage criminal behaviour

Question 13

what does capitalism generating economic and social inequality lead to?

Answer 13

anomie (normlessness), alienation, and crime

Question 14

what do marxist mean by selective law enforcement?

Answer 14

laws are enforced strictly against the lower classes

Question 15

what do Marxist mean by the criminal justice system being bias?

Answer 15

favours the rich and powerful, and overlooks their crime while punishing the less powerful disproportionally

Question 16

how does the bougeoisie use the institution of law to exert ideological control?

Answer 16

promoting a false consciousness amoung the working class and diverting attention from the true nature of class conflict

Question 17

how does the media play a role in ideological control?

Answer 17

focuses on working class crime and downplays the crime of the powerful

Question 18

what does capitalism encourage?

Answer 18

individuals to pursue self-interest rather than public duty

Question 19

what is the effect of capitalism encouraging individuals to be materialistic consumers?

Answer 19

makes us aspire to an unrealistic and poften unattainable lifestyle

Question 20

what doe Marxist David Gordon say?

Answer 20

the capitalist societies are ‘dog eat dog societies’ in which each individual company and each individual is encouraged to look out for their own interests before any other interests

Question 21

why can competitive pressure to make money, be more successful, and make more profit lead to breaking the law?

Answer 21

breaking the law can seem insignificant compared to the pressure to succeed and pressures to break the law affect all people

Question 22

what do Marxist believe the values of the capitalist system does?

Answer 22

filters down to the rest of our culture

Question 23

what does advertising create?

Answer 23

breed the feeling of failure, inadequacy, frustration, and anger which can lead to crime

Question 24

what does Merton and Nightingale point out?

Answer 24

for some the desire to achieve the success goals of society outweigh the pressure to obey the law, advertising only adds to this strain between the legitimate means and the goal of material success

Question 25

what does David Rothkopf call the ruling class/ bourgeoisie?

Answer 25

the superclass

Question 26

what does David Rothkopf call the lower classes?

Answer 26

underclass, slum dwellers, the street children and the refugees

Question 27

what does Baumand point out?

Answer 27

the super wealthy effectively segregate themselves from the wealthly, through living in exclusive gated communities and travelling in private jets

Question 28

what doe Marxist argue the visible evidance of inequality give people at the bottom?

Answer 28

a sense of injustice, anger, and frustration as a result capitalism leads to economic crime as well as violent street crimes

Question 29

what does Chambliss argue?

Answer 29

economic crime 'represents rational responses to the competitiveness and inequality of life in capitalist societies'

Question 30

how doe drug dealers view themselves?

Answer 30

innovative entrepreneurs

Question 31

what does Luareen Snider (1993) argue?

Answer 31

the capitalist system is reluctant to pass laws that regulate the activities of business or threaten their profitability

Question 32

why does Snider argue that businesses are given certain concessions which benefit them?

Answer 32

because they are important and necessary within the capitalist society

Question 33

what is an example of business being given certain concessions?

Answer 33

banks pay their senior staff huge bonuses

Question 34

who argues that white-collar crimes do much more harm to society than street crimes?

Answer 34

Snider

Question 35

why do Marxists argue that white collar crimes are more harmful to society then street crimes?

Answer 35

they focus on social and environmental harms, the crimes committed by the elite do more harm in these aspects

Question 36

what did Graham (1970) look at?

Answer 36

how the government policed the illegal trade in drugs focusing amphetamine

Question 37

what did Graham find?

Answer 37

government didn't greatly restrict amphetamine production and distribution as most of it was made and sold by large pharmacies

Question 38

what is a critisism of marxism?

Answer 38

ignores the relationship between crime and other social factors like gender/ethnicity and not all crime is utilitarian (money)

Question 39

what is occupational crime?

Answer 39

crime committed by employees for their own personal gain, often crime against the organisation they work or

Question 40

what does de-labbeling mean?

Answer 40

corporate crime is often filtered out from the process of crilminilisation

Question 41

using Merton strain theory, what does Box argue?

Answer 41

if a company cannot achieve its goals of maximising profit by legitimate means it may employ illegal means instead

Question 42

what does sutherland mean by differential accociation?

Answer 42

crime is a behaviour we learn from others, if we associate ourselves with people who have criminal attitudes we are more likely to become deviant ourselves

Question 43

what is a technique of nutrilisation?

Answer 43

individuals can deviate easier if they can provide justification for their actions e.g carrying out orders for my boss