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Anthro Socio Anthropology > Marriage > Flashcards

Marriage Flashcards

1
Q

Function of Marriage

who gave it?

A 
Murdock gave 4 function:
1 Socialisation
2. Economic
3. Reproduction
4. Bio/Sexual Need
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2
Q

Definition points for:

  1. Murdock
  2. Westermorck

draw flow-chart as in onenote

A

Murdock says Marriage involves:

  1. Residential Cohabitation
  2. Economic co-operation
  3. Nuclear Family

Westermarck said; Marriage is:

  1. Union of man and woman
  2. Ritually recognised
  3. Mutual sexual rights for each other
  4. Living under same roof
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3
Q

Definition that could be accepted

A

Edmund Leach (1995)
Marriage can help in:
1. To give husband monopoly in wife sexuality or vice-versa
2. Establishing legal father of women’s child or vice-versa
3. Give husband partly/monopolistic right to wife domestic/labor or vice-vera
4. To establish joint fund of property i.e. for the benefit of children of the marriage
5. Partly/total rights over property of each other

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4
Q

7 Characteristic of Marriage

A
  1. Charter: Explains its purpose in society
  2. Spouse selection
  3. Financial Transaction: Bride price, Dowry
  4. Ceremony
  5. Residence of different types
  6. Authority (-archy)
  7. Stability(Divorce, remarriage)
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5
Q

3 Rules for marriage

A 
Proscriptive rule (Whom not to marry)
Prescriptive rule (Whom can marry)
Preferential rule
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6
Q

mind map of Proscriptive

A

Incest taboo mind map

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7
Q

2 Reasons for incest taboo?

A

Genetically Induced

Culturally Defined

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8
Q

2 thinkers different views on genetically induced taboo

A

L. T. Hobhouse:
Animal push out their offsprings once they hit puberty

Rodseth et. al.
DNA testing on chimpanzee revealed Incestuous relationship b/w mother-son

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9
Q

Why Incest is not culturally defined?

A

5 examples of societies where it is allowed:

  1. Na society: no record kept of father
  2. Ojibwa Tribes: Irving Hallowell.
  3. Anna meigo & kathleen barlows study across 87 cross-cultural cases where incest occured
  4. Egypt royal family (Scheidel, 1997)
  5. Ashanti tribes reduced punishment to life-imprisonment from death penalty for incest
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10
Q

Origin theory for incest taboo

A

Inbreeding Avoidance
Familiarity breed avoidance
Prevent disruption of family
Forming wider alliance

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11
Q

Inbreeding Avoidance
K/a-by?

Problem explained for incest

Why rejected

A

Theory of biological degradation- Morgan

Mating among close kin can produce weaker offspring

Pre-scientific people couldn’t understand it

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12
Q

Familiarity Brings Avoidance
k/a

Example

A

Content theory or Childhood familiarity theory- westermarck

Israel Kibbutz:
Never chose partner from same dorm- Talmon (1964)
Taewan: Girl sold to rich family to be his wife, result showed: sexual difficulty, low birth rate, high extra-marital affair.- Arthur Wolf (1968)

Child look to the west to find a familiar Salmon and wolf.

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13
Q

Prevent Disruption of family
K/A
Thinkers
what is it?

A

Attempt theory
Malinowsky and freud
Desire of sexual relation is very strong among family. and incest taboo reduces disruption within family.

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14
Q

Forming wider alliance
thinker?
What is it?

A

Claude Levi-Strauss
people were married outside to form alliance
doesn’t explain origin but explain it’s continuation

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15
Q

Advantage of incest taboo

A

All points from above

Recall

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16
Q

Prescriptive Rule

A
  1. Exogamy
  2. Endogamy
  3. Sororate
  4. Levirate
  5. Hypogamy
  6. Hypergamy
17
Q

Exogamy Definition

A

Levis Strauss: Form of blueprint where women are forced out of own group in patrilineal society, so society can be reproduced generation after generation

origin theories

18
Q

Prescriptive Rule
Exogamy reason
Origin of Theories of Various Thinkers

A
  1. Paleothic hunter for peace- Taylor
  2. For Variety of life married to stranger- Herbert Risley
  3. Scarcity of food led to Female infanticide and capture female from other group.
19
Q

Endogamy
Definition
Types

A

Marriage partner within the social group to maintain purity

4 types:
Caste 
Region
Linguistic
Tribe
20
Q

Hypergamy
K/A
Meaning

A

Anuloma

Girl moving up the caste

21
Q

Hypogamy
k/a
meaning

A

Pratiloma

girl marrying lower caste

22
Q

Levirate
Diagram
Found among

A

Widow marrying husband brother
Ahir
Jatt
Gujjar

23
Q

Sororate

Diagram

A

Widow husband marrying dead wife’s sister

South India

24
Q

Preferential marriage flowchart defining 2 type of parallel and cross cousin

A

draw it

25
Q

Types of marriages

A

Monogamy:
Serials: More than one wife along the lifetime(but one wife at a time)
Non-Serials: One wife for lifetime.

Polygamy:
Polyandry=Fraternal, non-fraternal, Familial
polygyny= sororate, non-sororate
Polygyandry

26
Q 
Polyandry
Diagram
Advantage
Reason
Types, Diagram and it's example
A

Prevent Property Distribution

H-G barbaric society etc as women can’t contribute in hunting. So, they have to feed women

Fraternal (Adelphic): Brothers marry same woman.
Tibetan

Non-fraternal: Unrelated men marry a woman.
Nairs

Familial: If wife dies then marry son’s Wife.

27
Q

Polygyny
Reason
where common
type, diagram, example

A

Often it defines structure of the society,
Kepaupu= more wife more power become leader like in new Papua Pig ceremony

Horticulture society so women can participate.

Sororate: 
1. Less quarrel 2. Rule of residence varies.
Sisters marries same Man
Found in:
Islamic country
Australian Aboriginals

Non-sororate:
Coromo Is

28
Q

Polygynandry

A

group marriage

extremely rare

29
Q

Ways of acquiring mates

A

Probationary Marriage: Kuki tribe of Arunachal pradesh
Boy pay comensation if marriage is not solemnized

Marriage by Capture: Nagas

Marriage by trial: The girls sing and dance in the inner ring and the unmarried boys who make the outer circle try to push through the girls by breaking their inner ring and to climb on the pole to eat the ‘gur’ and coconut. If a boy comes out successful in his endeavor, he is free to choose any girl of the group for marriage.
Bhils of Madhya Pradesh

Marriage by Purchase: Ho tribe

Marriage by Service Gond

Marriage by exchange: Kond

Marriage by Elopement: Kondh

Marriage by Intrusion: Ho

30
Q

Types of marriage payment

A

Bride price
Brice Service
Dowry

31
Q 
Bride Price
K/A
Definition
Societies?
Significant for 2 reasons?
A

K/A Bride Wealth
Customary gift from groom to bride family for loss of economic growth

African society. Horticulture societies.

  1. Endorsing new productive unit
  2. Legitimate newly fom socio-economic unit
32
Q

Bride service
Society
Definition
example

A

Came first
In H-G societies women contributes in economy and reproduce too and to compensate these 2 losses groom had to serve at bride family.
Kipsigis
yanomami (S. America)

33
Q

Dowry

A

Agrarian societies
As women can’t contribute in economic activities and high capital is required in agri activities. - Karl Wittfogel

Stree-Dhan of IT
Dowry prohibition act

34
Q 
Marxist view on bride payment
Evan Pritchard
Meyer Fortis
Radcliffe Brown*
Edmund Leach*
Melford sipro*

Crux of Marxist view
Know atleast star ones and try to remember others a little

A

No women is left unmarried- (Treated as good/product which men has to buy)

Transfer of (wife to husband):

  1. Marital rights of bride
  2. Parental rights to child born.

Compensation:

  1. Disruption of family solidarity
  2. Right to demand reimbursement if she’s killed/injured

Sale/hire of:

  1. Either whole family
  2. Her reproductive services

Economic cooperation= productive and Reproductive loss

Women are taken as object/product which being sold for their labor and reproduction capability.

Mnemonics: Redclifffe to compensate the disruption and Reimburse Leach, hired his(her) whole family for his reproductive services, then asked for economic cooperation for buying ford car to inc productivity.

35
Q 
Structural view of Bride Payment
Book on payment
who?
2 Prospectives
What he says?
Significance?
Example?
A

Camaroff: Meaning of marriage payment- 1986

2 Prospective:
1. Dialectical relation between marriage and marriage payment:
=Marriage is collective of many phenomenon and Payment transforms a mating relationship into a social or meaning process.
(Women are not taken as object, rather it legitimate marriage)
Examples:
a. Tswana (S. Africa): Couple live together but marriage is not legitimized till Bride wealth is paid
b. Bedouins (Africa): Installment payment
Marks the beginning of marriage process

  1. Experiemnt meaning
    (Won’t be doing, not important)
36
Q

Types of tribes with different style of marriages around the world

A 
Nayar
Navajo
Na society
Azande
Nuers
NAndi
Tsawana
Bedouins

Anthro Socio Anthropology (5 decks)

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