Marking Period 1 Assessment Flashcards
Demography
- statistical data relating to the population and particular groups within it
- The percentage of a population that is male vs. female
Population Clusters (four largest)
- Two thirds of the world’s population is clustered in 4 areas with 70% in Eurasia
- South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia, Europe
Arithmetic Density
people per area of Land
Physiological density
people per unit of arable land
Agricultural density
farmers per unit of arable land
Arable land
Land that can be used for agriculture
Life expectancy
the average number of years a person for a particular region can be expected to live
CBR (crude birth rate)
- births per 1,000 in a particular country in a particular year
- 10-20 is low
- 20-30 is transitional
- > 30 is high
natural increase rate
- CBR - CDR
- rate at which a population grows or declines in a year excluding migration
total fertility rate
the average number of children a women will have in a country (births per women)
Infant Mortality Rate
- the annual deaths for people under one year compared to 1,000 live births
- Greatly influenced by health care
Demographic transition model - Stage 1
- Low Growth
- most of human history, no countries today
- High CBR, High CDR, Very low NIR
Demographic transition model - Stage 2
- High Growth
- Caused by industrial revolution in developed countries; more access to healthcare
- Developing countries like Guatemala
- High CBR, rapidly declining CDR, very high NIR
Demographic transition model - Stage 3
- Moderate Growth
- Having fewer children for economic reasons; less agriculture society
- Rapidly declining CBR, moderately declining CDR, moderate NIR
Demographic transition model - Stage 4
- Low Growth
- Gender equality; economic changes; family planning
- Low CBR, low or slightly increasing CDR, zero population growth
Demographic transition model - Stage 5
- Decline
- Very low CBR, increasing CDR and declining NIR below replacement
- Predicted to occur in developed countries where couples choose to have fewer children
- Already in some former soviet Eastern Europe countries due to family planning, pollution
Dependency ratio
- number of people that are too old to work compared to people who aren’t
- A greater dependency ratio is a greater economic burden on a population
Elderly support ratio
- Working aged people divided by working persons 65 and older
- Affects healthcare, social security and pensions
China’s One-Child Policy
- China’s one child policy offered incentives and fines to encourage families to only have one child
- Lowered the fertility rate drastically
- Led to a high dependency ratio and skewed sex ratio
Epidemiological Transition Model
focus on spreading and control of disease → causes of death change as countries improve standard and progress through the Demographic transition model
Epidemiological Transition Model - Stage 1
- Pestilence and failure
- Disease is the principal cause of human death
- black plague
Epidemiological Transition Model - Stage 2
- Receding Pandemics
- Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and effects a high portion of the population
- Fought with sanitation and healthcare at stage 2
Epidemiological Transition Model - Stage 3
- degenerative diseases
- Decrease in death from infectious disease, increase in chronic disorders associated with aging that increase over time
- cancer
Epidemiological Transition Model - Stage 4
- Delayed degenerative diseases
- Technology to combat or slow stage 3 disease
Distribution
- The arrangement of features in space
- The US population is becoming increasingly dispersed as people leave the Northeast to move to more spread out areas
Spatial Association
- occurs when the distribution of two features are related (but the features do not actually cause one another)
- in baltimore there is a spatial association between lower income, lower life expectancy, high crime, and a high number of liquor stores
- rainforests and rainfall
Globalization
increasing interconnectedness of our human world driven by transnational corporations
Refugee
Forced to migrate to another country to avoid armed conflict, violence, persecution
Internally displaced person
forced to migrate for the same reasons as a refugee but has not crossed an international border
Asylum seeker
someone who has migrated to another country in the hope of being recognized as a refugee in order to attain citizenship (1.8 mil)
Three main eras of immigration
- Around the american revolution (From Europe and Sub saharan Africa)
- Around the industrial revolution (Mostly migrants from Europe looking for economic opportunities)
- High levels of immigration during the early 21st century (Latin americans have migrated to US)
Migration in developing countries
rural to urban
Migration in developed countries
urban to rural/suburban
Internal migration in Canada
Similar to the United States - moves westward but not south since they are clustered by the US border
Internal migration in China
Due to lifting of government restrictions more than 150 million people have emigrated from rural western China to China’s urban eastern
Internal migration in Brazil
The government has successfully induced migration from Brazil’s coastal cities to its sparsely populated interior by relocating the capital to Brasilia
Internal migration in Russia
Population is clustered in the west while natural resources are abundant in the east. Despite government efforts, the population remains clustered in the west.
Assimilation
- A culture losing its customs and habits to a more socially or economically dominant culture
- Immigrants from Mexico move to US and learn English
