Marine vs Terrestrial

Question 1

Scott (2011)

Answer 1

In the 16C the Great Plains of north america were abundant with bison, around 25-30 million individuals. Due to the easy access within ten years they had reduced to a fraction of that and by the 19C only 10 individuals remained.

Question 2

Green & Perishing (2004)

Answer 2

North Atlantic Right Whale. Hunted almost to exintciton and can be considered one ofthe great harvesting events on earth based on biomass alone. Their surace feeding habitats, slow movements and close to shore migrations made them an easy target.

Question 3

Smith et al (2011)

Answer 3

Around 30% of the fish harvested from the ocean are from the lowest trophic levels, and using ecosystem models it was esitmated that this could cause a 60% change in ocean biomass.

Question 4

Janhcke et al (2004)

Answer 4

Ivestigated the seabirds populations off the coast of peur following a strong up welling around 1994. The anchovy fisheries increased and it was estimated that around 85% of the anchovies were harvest from the area, which wuld otherwise have been food for seabirds. This resulted in steep declines of guano making birds such as boobys, pelicans and cormorants.

Question 5

Frederiksen (2004)

Answer 5

In the North Sea black legged kittiwakes declines by around 50 following the activity of sand eel fishery. Population dyamics were recorded of the Isle of May of the eats coast of Scotland.

Question 6

Cinner et al (2012)

Answer 6

Looked at the state of reefs around SEA and tried to determine what was causing problems. The absence of presence of humans as the most significant predictor of reef state, and further form this fish biomass was especially low within a 14km radius of markets, where as it increased outside of this radius.

Question 7

Williams et al (2011)

Answer 7

Deepwater Horizon was the first oil spill to hit the deep oceans, 1.5km below the surface. On looking at historical stranding records and the numbers of washed up cetaceans in the wake of DWH it was predicted that the real numbers were more like 50x that of what was predicted.

Question 8

Mengerink et al (2014)

Answer 8

Looked at fishing depths as calculated that fishing efforts have increased by 360m since the 1950s, and we are now harvesting and damaging hundred year old fish and thousand year old benthic communities that had previously been untouched.

Question 9

Tyack et al (2011)

Answer 9

Blainvilles whale, sonar, Andos Island

Question 10

McCauly et al (2015)

Answer 10

15 marine species gone extinct in 500 years but only 514 terrestrial. In way better condition. Interestingly those most affected in the sea such as sea turtles, mustelids and seabirds are those in contact with the terrestrial land