Climate Change

Question 1

Sydeman et al (2015)

Answer 1

Background info, plasticity, direct and indirect etc

Question 2

Gazeau et al (2007)

Answer 2

Oysters and mussels, calcification decreased with pCO2. Expected to increase by 25% in real situations by end of decade. Yerseke in the Netherlands.

Question 3

Kepley et al (2008)

Answer 3

Saturation horizon is beginning to shallow as the level of CO2 increases in the oceans. Reefs usually build more than they dissolve, but this will begin to change.

Question 4

Fealy et al (2007)

Answer 4

Compared 3 types of coral health on Lizard Island, GRB. Found that fish complexities were much greater in the healthy ones, this was due to bleaching another affect of ocean acidification.

Question 5

Barbraud & Weimerskirch (2011)

Answer 5

Emperor Penguins on Terre Adelie, followed population trends between 1952 and 2000. Very stable populations until the 1970s, when a warm winter hit. Sea ice melt was extensive and numbers declines by 50%. Mainly males.

Question 6

Ellison (1993)

Answer 6

Hungary Bay, Bermuda. Take tide gauge and estimated that sea level is rising at around 28cm/100years in the area, but the peat of magrove forests is only building at around 10.6cm/100year and so won’t keep up. Around 2.24 acres of mangrove forests have been lost due to increasing sea levels and is expected to increase.

Question 7

Morrisey & Gruber (1993)

Answer 7

Tracked 38 lemon sharks in the Bahamas and found that the juveniles spend consderiable amounts of time in and around the shallow warm waters of mangroves.

Question 8

Ling (2008)

Answer 8

Urchin spreading down the eats coast of Australia as the EAC extends poleward due to increase wind curl and the strengthening of the southern gyre systems.

Question 9

Figueria & Both (2009)

Answer 9

4 species of damselfish have also shown a southern movement as water waters connect the GRB system to the southe eastern regions of Australia. Measured annual winter sea temps and realised it was the warm winter waters enabling these to extend south and stay south all year around. EAC has extended by 360km in the past 60 years.

Question 10

Yomano (2011)

Answer 10

Japanese reefs systems has also began to extend it’s range by moving poleward. At least 4 species have began to extend their ranges, and are moving at an amazing 14km per year.

Question 11

Weimerskirch (2012)

Answer 11

Wandering albatross are hitchhiking on the intensified currents, they’re moving poleward but this is not a bad things as their travel speed decreased by distance travel increased while body mass also increase.