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Oceanography > Marine Primary Producers > Flashcards

Marine Primary Producers Flashcards

1
Q

What does it mean to be plankton?

A

Weakly swimming or drifting organisms that go with the current or can swim vertically, some microscopic, some easy to see , and they are nekton (organisms that can swim).

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2
Q

Primary producers by trophic level.

A

Plankton/Phyto.

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3
Q

Zooplankton.

A
  • Heterotrophic (animal like)
  • Ex: copepods, ciliates, and larvae, consumers including herbivore and carnivores.
  • Micro and macro organisms.
  • Vertically migrate to a depth of 200m during day for protection, but then near surface again at night to feed. (Meroplankton) (Holoplankton).
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4
Q

Phytoplankton.

A
  • Plan-like, autotrophic with some heterotrophs.
  • Ex: diatoms, dinoflagellates, green algae-producers, single cells or chain of cells smallest plankton (pico plankton).
  • Remain near surface.
  • They capture sunlight to produce chemical energy and they consume carbon dioxide, and release oxygen.
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5
Q

Holoplankton.

A

Whole life.

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6
Q

Meroplankton.

A
  • Part of life.
  • Nekton: can swim.
  • Benthic: can crawl.
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7
Q

Types of Phytoplankton.

A
  • Diatoms.
  • Dinoflagellates.
  • Cyanobacteria.
  • Coccolithophore.
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8
Q

Diatoms.

A
  • Protista.
  • Enclosed like a pill box.
  • Green.
  • SiO2 glass.
  • The silica shell is called frustule, made of two halves.
  • Store food as oil.
  • The frustule allows photosynthesis.
  • The valves in the shell differ.
  • 55% of the light absorbed id turned into energy, which is the best rate.
  • They form chains, spine, and oil to help to float.
  • They reproduce by dividing in half and drifting apart smaller over time, or sexual reproduction.
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9
Q

Dinoflagellates.

A
  • Protista.
  • Sigle-celled autotrophs.
  • External plates made of cellulose.
  • Store food as oil or starch.
  • Whip-life flagella in order to vertically swim.
  • Some produce toxins and some are bioluminescent.
  • Reproduction; binary fission, oner per day, dependes on conditions
  • Many dinoflagellates are bioluminescent, (symbiotic, zooxanthellae) which gives coral sugar.
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10
Q

Cyanobacteria.

A
  • Blue-Green algae.
  • Abundant in ocean.
  • Responsible for nitrogen fixation.
  • Small and unicellular and often grows in colonies.
  • Photosynthetic.
  • Chlorophyll a.
  • Reddish or green photosynthetic pigment.
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11
Q

Coccolithophore.

A
  • Unicellular eukaryotic protists.

- Contain calcium carbonate plates.

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12
Q

Causes and effects of Algae Blooms.

A
  • Increases amount of nutrients from fertilizer and runoff which means more nitrates and phosphates.
  • Warmth.
  • Sunlight.
  • Decrease in water movement.
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13
Q

Positive and Negative effects of Algae Blooms.

A
  • Positive: Increasing primary producers and decrease in Co2 in atmosphere.
  • Negative: Decreased dissolved O2, fish and marine life die, industry decreases because there are no fish and decreased food source which means no food for animals.
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14
Q

Types of Algae Bloom (Red Tide) (HABS)

A
  • Red Tides: bloom of red pigment algae

- (HABS) Harmful Algae Blooms: the have poisonous toxic algae. Ex; domoic acid.

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15
Q

Biomagnification.

A

-The increasing concentration of a substance (toxic chemicals) in the tissues of organisms that are higher in the food chain.

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16
Q

Where do the Zooplankton get energy from?

A

-They eat (heterotrophic) and get energy for that.

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17
Q

Zooplankton size and population.

A
  • Tiny to large in size.

- They have seasonal basis for population.

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18
Q

Macro Algae types:

A
  • Green algae.
  • Brown algae (kelp).
  • Red Algae.
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19
Q

Green Algae

Macro Algae

A
  • Lives in shallow depths in intertidal zone.
  • Smallest number os species.
  • Good foos for tide pool animals “ancestor of true plants”.
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20
Q

Brown Algae
(Kelp)
(Macro Algae)

A
  • 50m deep.

- Additional pigment adaptation meaning they can go deeper down into the water and still absorb sunlight far down.

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21
Q

Macro Algae definition

A
  • Algae is weightless.
  • Floats in water.
  • Sugar is in all leaves and no need for transport system.
  • Plants with no veins for water, no need for roots.
  • O2 diffuses in through the blades.
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22
Q

Seaweed Adaptations.

A
  • Lower wave shock: Huge holdfasts, flexible stipe, regeneration.
  • Drying out dessications: High sugar content, thick cell walls, hollow core, trap sand, rehydration.
  • Predators: Secrets tough CaCO3, bitter/bad taste.
  • Competition for attachment space: Attach to other seaweed, keep blades near sun.
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23
Q

Bioaccumulation.

A
  • Refers to the accumulation of substances such as pesticides or other organisms.
  • When an organisms absorbs a toxic substance faster than the substance excretes itself.
24
Q

Red Algae

Macro Algae

A
  • Has a red glow that is used for a lot of paints.

- It can grow at great depths.

25
Q

What are Marine Plants?

A

Plants that are vascular.

26
Q

Seagrass forms

A

Submerged meadows.

27
Q

Mangroves (forest) stabilize

A

Coastal wetlands.

28
Q

Nutrient availability.

A
  • Plankton bloom can cause lack of nutrients.

- Common in colder water.

29
Q

Light availability.

A
  • Little photosynthesis below 100m.
  • Too much light can overwhelm photosynthetic chemistry.
  • Color of light matters.
30
Q

Compensation Depth.

A
  • Depth at which oxygen is being created and consumed at the same rate.
  • Diatoms have greater compensation depth than Dinoflagellates.
  • Autotrophs use some of the carbs and O2 they produce.
31
Q

Toxic Algae Bloom question.

A

Phytoplankton give off acid, biomagnification occurs because all the phytoplankton begin to eat each other contaminating all the other plankton making everything toxic resulting in bioaccumulation.

32
Q

NOT Member of Phytoplankton.

A

Radiocarians.

33
Q

How do Plankton move around?

A

Currents.

34
Q

Characteristics of zooplankton.

A
  • Consumers.

- NOT single celled or remain near surface.

35
Q

What are NOT a holoplankton specie?

A

Crab larvae.

36
Q

What describes Meroplankton?

A

They spend part of their life drifting.

37
Q

What happens to Meroplankton?

A

They become nekton and benthic.

38
Q

Diatoms Shells are made of?

A

Silica or glass.

39
Q

How do Dinoflagellates obtain nourishment?

A

Photosynthesis.

40
Q

Zooplankton are…

A
  • Carnivores.
  • Herbivores.
  • Omnivores.
41
Q

Phytoplankton means autotrophic which means

A

Self-fed.

42
Q

Rapid increase in a Phytoplankton population that leads to water discoloration is called?

A

Bloom.

43
Q

Which of the following organisms spend a portion of their lives as Plankton?

A
  • Barnacles.
  • Snails.
  • Crabs.
44
Q

Phytoplankton are responsable for what percentage of primary productivity globally?

A

80% - 90%.

45
Q

Why do Zooplankton resurface at night?

A

To feed.

46
Q

No Zooplankton are…

A

Autotrophs.

47
Q

What does it mean to be Plankton?

A

Ecological connection.

48
Q

Calcium Carbonate Covering.

A

Coccolithophore.

49
Q

What can cause Algae Bloom?

A

An increase in sunlight, nutrients, and temperature.

50
Q

What can cause HABS to be toxic?

A

Specific species of Phytoplankton.

51
Q

Algae that is kelp?

A

Brown.

52
Q

Accessory pigment in Seaweed.

A

Chlorophyll a/b/ carotenoids.

53
Q

Zooplankton eat…

A

Each other or other Phytoplankton.

54
Q

Zooplankton protect themselves by…

A

Floating up and down in water column vertically.

55
Q

Why do large animals die?

A

They die because of the dead zones caused by the Phytoplankton, and they have no food to eat, so they starve.

Oceanography (3 decks)

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