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Marine Biology > Marine Mammals, Birds, And Reptiles > Flashcards

Marine Mammals, Birds, And Reptiles Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the species of sea turtles that exist today?

A
  • leatherback
  • loggerhead
  • olive ridley
  • kemps ridley
  • australian flatback
  • green sea turtle (pacific and atlantic)
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2
Q

Sea turtle anatomy?

A
  • Upper shell known as the carapace and lower shell known as plastron
  • ribs expanded and fused to shell
  • Powerful jaws, but no teeth
  • poikiolothermic and ectothermic (except for leatherback)
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3
Q

sea turtle reproductive habits?

A
  • females breed at sea every 2-4 years
  • return to land to deposit eggs near the dune line
  • dig a hole in the sand using back flippers
  • internal fertilization
  • females store sperm
  • lay up to 7 clutches of eggs (1 clutch = 120 eggs)
  • one clutch (group) of eggs can have multiple paternity
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4
Q

Sea turtle eggs?

A
  • incubation period of 60 days
  • warmer temp develop faster, (range of development between 45-75 days)
  • leathery when mother lays the eggs, become more brittle during incubation
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5
Q

Kemps Ridley?

A
  • smallest sea turtle species (100cm, 100 lbs)
  • thought to be a hybrid because no nesting site was found
  • one found in Rancho Nuevo, Mexico, now jointly managed by US and Mexico wildlife protection agencies
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6
Q

Green sea turtle?

A
  • only vegetarian
  • slightly green because of diet of seagrass and algae
  • tropical nesting turtles usually in florida, now as far as north carolina
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7
Q

loggerhead sea turtle

A
  • least vulnerable in numbers, listed as threatened
  • feeds on invertebrates like crab and mulluscs
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8
Q

Leatherback

A
  • largest (6ft, 100lbs)
  • feed on jellyfish, dive in to depths to feed on other prey
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9
Q

Hawksbill

A
  • tropical species
  • feed on corals sponges and invertebrates
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10
Q

Sea snakes?

A

55 species
only found in Indian and pacific ocean
laterally flattened body with a paddle like tail
mostly 3-4 ft

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11
Q

sea snakes reproduction?

A
  • breed at sea
  • ovoviviparous
  • some return to land to lay eggs
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12
Q

other sea snake traits

A
  • not known to be aggressive
  • bites can be fatal to humans
  • carnivorous an feed on fish
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13
Q

Saltwater crocodile?

A
  • Australia, Indian ocean, and wester pacific islands
  • estuaries, mangrove swamps, rivers, and the open ocean
  • eats all types of prey, aggressive hunter
    lengths over 30 ft
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14
Q

Marine Iguanas

A
  • Galapagos islands
  • only spend portion of time in the water
  • feed on seagrass
  • sunbathing :)
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15
Q

Seabirds feather oil?

A

from glandular secretions
waterproof the body

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16
Q

Seabird Behaviors?

A
  • colonial nesters
  • monogamous
  • protect young
  • preening
  • complex rituals for mate selection
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17
Q

species of marine birds not as well adapted o marine environment as penguins?

A
  • shearwaters
  • petrels
  • albatross
  • frigate birds
  • pelicans
  • cormorants
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18
Q

Characteristics of mammals

A

4600 species
skin posesses hair
homeotherms
mostly viviparous with placenta
mammary and other glands
larger brain in relation to size
many sexually dimorphant

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19
Q

what are the 4 major groups of marine mammals?

A
  1. Pinnipedia - seals, sea lions and walrus
  2. Carnivora - seals otter and polar bear
  3. sirenia - dugong and manatees
  4. Cetacea - whales, dolphins, and porpoises
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20
Q

Seals

A
  • 19 species
  • cold water except for monk seals
  • Hawaiian and Mediterranean seals are endangered
  • Carribbean monk seals not seen since 1950’s
21
Q

seal size and weight

A

from 3.6-19 ft, males the same as females
50-5000 kg

22
Q

seal diet

A

various fish, shell fish, and cephalopods

23
Q

seal gestation

A

270-350 days, delayed implantation in some species

24
Q

seal nursing duration

A

10-80 days

25
Q

sexual maturity of seals

A

4-6 years - males
4 years - females

26
Q

seal life span

A

up to 45 years in ringed seals and 14 years in male elephant seals

27
Q

lion/fur seal body

A

elongated fusiform body with a small tail. the limbs are flattened and thick. forelimbs are long and oar-like. their snouts are blunt and have numerous sensitive whiskers
110-330 cm, males larger than females
21.5-1000kg

28
Q

Sea otter nusring duration

A

6-8 months

29
Q

Sea otter sexual maturity

A

5-6 years in males and 4 years for females

30
Q

sea otter life span

A

10-15 years

31
Q

sea otter location range

A

coastal regions throughout the eastern north pacific ocean

32
Q

sea otter habitat

A

typically found in coastal water no further away than 1 km (0.6 mi.) from shore. the alaskan sea otter has a greater tendency to hauls out (come to shore) than california

33
Q

polar bear diet

A
  • need an avarage of 2 kg of fat per day
  • ringed and bearded seals
  • other seal species
  • walruses
  • narwhals
  • beluga whales
  • whale carcasses
  • fish
  • reindeer
  • birds
  • eggs
  • berries
  • kelp
34
Q

polar bear gestation

A

8 months, including 4 month delayed implantation

35
Q

polar bear estral period

A

females are induced ovulators; mating triggers the release of an egg for fertilization

36
Q

polar bear sexual maturity

A

males at 6 years, females at 4

37
Q

life span for polar bears

A

15-18 years, some over 30

38
Q

range and habitat for polar bears

A

Circumpolar artic
artic sea ice, water, islands contenential coastlines

39
Q

polarbear population

A

estimated 21,500-25,000

40
Q

Amazonian Manatee

A
  • smallest of the manatees
    lacks nails on pectoral fins, whitish patches on undersides
41
Q

West Indian Manatee

A

two subspecies: Florida and Antillean
- distinguished by differences in cranial measurements and geographic distribution

42
Q

west african manatee

A

same size + shape as Indian manatee
differs in eye, snout, and cranial bone position

43
Q

Manatee body

A

streamlined, full around the middle, narrowing to a paddle shaped tail.
grey, appears brownish
amazonian manatees usually have pink or white patches on the belly and chest. algae can alter the body color

44
Q

Manatee size and weight

A

adult indean and west african - 3 m
large ones may reach 4 m
amazonian manatees up to 2.8 m
avarage adult weight 363 to 544 kg, females larger than males

45
Q

What are the two sub-orders of the cetacea?

A

toothed whales (odontocetes)
baleen whales (mysticetes)

46
Q

Cetacea teeth examples

A

dolphins - conical and interlocking
porpoises - spade shaped
river dolphins - varied, most beaked whales have one or two visible pairs
teeth adapted for grasping and tearing rather than chewing

47
Q

cetaceans adaptations for diving

A

rapid breathing before diving - apneustic breathing
lungs remove 90% O2 from air
elastic lung tissue to expand lungs temporarily during apneustic breathing
more blood for their size for more hemoglobin to carry oxygen
more myoglobin in muscles
heart rate slows - bradycardia
blood flow reduced to extremities and digestive system
muscles employ anaerobic respiration as necessary (results in lactic acid build up)
marine mammals can tolerate more lactic acid
rib cage and lungs collapse during dive to force air into tissues and prevent decompression sickness

48
Q

Echolocation

A

sound waves are emitted as a series of clicks of varying frequencies
melon directs the outoing sound waves
after the echo strikes an object, it is reflected back
these reflected echoes are recieved back by the melon and lower jaw

Marine Biology (8 decks)

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