Human effect on the ocean

Question 1

what are marine recources used for?

Answer 1

food
products
materials
recreation

Question 2

what type of organisms a re harvested from the ocean

Answer 2

finfish (about 90% of worldwide harvest)
shellfish
jellyfish, sea cucumbers, polychaetes and seaweed

Question 3

how much of the animal protein consumption annually is attributed to seafood?

Answer 3

30%

Question 4

growth of fisheries industry from 1950’s to present

Answer 4

5 x
worldwide catches still constant

Question 5

major fishing areas location

Answer 5

near coast over continential shelf

Question 6

what kind of fish are easiest to catch

Answer 6

demersal species

Question 7

high _______________ in these areas means more species are present

Answer 7

primary production

Question 8

what are clupeoid fishes?

Answer 8

Small. plankton-feeding fishes that form huge schools: anchovies, sardines, menhaden, shad, and herrings
caught with purse seines

Question 9

how are clupeoid fishes used?

Answer 9

eaten directly
fish flour
fish meal
fish oil

Question 10

what are demersal fish?

Answer 10

cod, haddock, hakes, pollock, whiting

Question 11

info on the cod fishery of the grand banks

Answer 11

• peaked in the 1960’s then began to decline
• moratorium declared in 1992 to attempt to save the fishery
• closure caused high unemployment
  cod is still endangered

Question 12

Jacks, Mullets, Rockfishes, and Mackerals

Answer 12

• Important in worldwide tonnage
• cheap protein in some parts of the world

Question 13

In the US, flounders and other _______ are important

Answer 13

flatfish

Question 14

tuna are

Answer 14

• caught in open water
• highly priced
• caught on long lines or in gillnets

Question 15

Molluscs are

Answer 15

• squids, cuttlefigh, and octopus important in the far east
• clams, oysters, mussels, scallops and abalones are important worldwide
  second most valuable catch after finfish

Question 16

Crustaceans

Answer 16

• prized worldwide
• command high prices
• shrimp, lobster, crab

Question 17

are sea life fisheries renewable recources

Answer 17

yes

Question 18

what is a sustanable yield

Answer 18

the amount that can be caught and just maintain a constant population size

Question 19

what is the maximum sustainable yield?

Answer 19

the highest catch that can be maintained year after year without affecting the stock

Question 20

if catches fall despite increased fishing effort, _____________ has occurred.

Answer 20

overfishing

Question 21

how does habitat destruction affect the productivity of fisheries?

Answer 21

75% of commercially important species use estuarine areas as nursery areas
trawl use is detrimental to demersal species

Question 22

when is a fishery regarded as ‘collapsed’?

Answer 22

when the numbers fall ot 10% of historic highs
one third are already collapsed
all will be collapsed by 2050 without action taken

Question 23

why can managing these recourses be difficult?

Answer 23

• maximum sustainable yield is difficult to calculate
• harvested species may compete with other species and fishing pressure may affect competitive balance
  -real fisheries are more complex than models
• high seas are “common property”

Question 24

list nine ways to manage a fishery

Answer 24

limit total catch
limiting length of fishing season
limiting areas open for fishing
limiting numbers of boats permitted to fish
limit gear size/type
limit size of fish caught
limit catches per boat
limit fishing methods

Question 25

what is the 1996 Sustainable fisheries act?

Answer 25

required federal fisheries managers to develop plans to avoid overfishing, restore depleted stocks, and reduce by-catch
US fishermen and foreign fishermen with valid permits must abide by rules

Question 26

what is aquiculture

Answer 26

aquatic organisms farming

Question 27

farmed fish account for ____% of shrimp consumed annually

Answer 27

25%

Question 28

problems with aquiculture

Answer 28

disease and parasites
different food requirements at different stages
cannot raise open water species difficult to maintain water quality
escaped farm species can breed with wild stocks and dilute genome
pollution
sometimes estuarine communities are destroyed to make these

Question 29

other items harvested for reasons other than consumption

Answer 29

mangroves - for timber and charcoal
pearls, shells, and sea turtle shells for jewlery

Question 30

marine recources caught by recreatuinal anglers is about ___% of the amount caught by commercial fishermen

Answer 30

30%

Question 31

Non living recources from the ocean

Answer 31

NaCl
oil and gas
sand and gravel for the coal industry
freshwater via de-salination
tidal energy
polyatomic nodules- contain manganese, nickel, copper and cobalt

Question 32

prehistoric evidence of aquatic recourse use

Answer 32

150,000 years ago
fishhooks, seashell artifacts, mounds of empty mollusc shells

Question 33

__________ constitute 85% of the total world marine catch

Answer 33

finfish

Question 34

___% of the worlds major fisheries are located on coastal waters and over half of the catches are taken from less than __% of the ocean surface

Answer 34

95%, 70%

Question 35

where are most of the exhausted fisheries?

Answer 35

Atlantic, Pacific, Mediterranean

Question 36

what did cod begin to do as a response to poulation decline?

Answer 36

maturing at a younger age

Question 37

Practically all salmon consumed now is _____

Answer 37

farmed

Question 38

what are tuna caught with and how are they stored?

Answer 38

large seines, surface longlines, or gill nets. they are stored in freezers on the boats to travel long distances

Question 39

____% of the worldwide catch is bycatch. a good portion of bycatch, however, goes unreported

Answer 39

25%

Question 40

how far do exclusive economic zones cover and what do they do?

Answer 40

allow nations to protect fishing and other recources 200 nautical miles around their shores