Marine Invasions Flashcards
What is the term for a species that has been transported out of its natural range?
non-native
What is the term for a species that has begun to reproduce in its new environment?
naturalized
What is the term for a species that has spread out of its introduced environment?
invasive
What is the 10s rule?
10% of non-native species move further in the invasive species pathway
i.e 10% become introduced, 10% of that beomes naturalized etc.
What parts of the world have the most invasive marine species?
- W. coast of USA
- W. Europe
- Hawaiian islands
What taxonomic groups make up the most invasive species?
crustaceans, plants/algae and molluscs
How can non-native species be introduced intentionally?
- aquaculture
- live trade (i.e seafood, aquariums)
- fisheries enhancement
- packaging
- biocontrol
- for restoration
How can non-native species be introduced unintentionally?
- ballast water release
- hull fouling
- recreational boats
- docks/oil rigs (provides substrate)
- aquaculture (intentional species are vectors for unintented species)
Describe how ballast water release works and how it contributes to spreading invasive species
- water fills tanks at point A to give boats bouyancy, then gets released into point B when boat docks
- transports species from microscopic plankton to small fish
- makes up 70% of marine invasion causes
What happened with the two ctenophores and ballast water releases?
species 1 (sea walnut)
- introduced via boats and directly competed with anchovies
- anchovy catches severely declines alongside jump in sea walnut population
species 2 (beroe ovata)
- introduced in same waters as biocontrol
- predator against other ctenophores, successfully controlled sea walnut numbers
What species is responsible for being an unintentional vector for the transport of other species in the aquaculture trade?
oysters
What are some consequences of marine invasions from the aquarium trade?
- spread of diseases/parasites
- hybridization with native species
- direct competition
- predation on native species
- disruption of ecosystem structure/function
- economic impacts from remediating
What happened with the species Caulerpa?
- seaweed introduced accidentally by Monaco’s aquarium trade
- severely overwhelmed and outcompeted native algae
At what stages can the prevention of invasive species be done?
- its collection from its native range
- its transport
- its release into a new environment
At what stages can the eradication of invasive species be done?
- release into new environment
- its establishment in the new environment
At what stages can the control of an invasive species be done?
population increase and spread
What are some examples of prevention, eradication and control methods?
prevention = treating ballast water before release + regulating where it can be done
eradication = lethal heat treatment on naturalized kelp
control = harvesting lionfish to keep population at bay
Why are lionfish a particularly dangerous invasive species?
- large sized
- abundant (5x higher in Bahamas vs native Kenya)
What were some key findings from the paper by Cardenas et al. (2020)?
- geographic isolation has left Antarctica relatively unaffected by non-native species
- mussels native to Patagonia (frequent boat route) established in Antarctica
