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March 23 Flashcards

1
Q

Metanephric diverticulum = Ureteric Bud

A

collecting tubules, ducts, major and minor calyces, renal pelvis, ureters

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2
Q

Metanephric medoserm = Blastema

A

glomeruli, bowman’s space, proximal tubule, loops of Henle, distal convoluted tubule

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3
Q

increased TGF-beta

A

keloid scars

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4
Q

Polysachride vs Conjugate vaccine for Hib

A 
Polysaccharide
B-cell only
no memory cells
short immunity
not immunogenic in infancy

Conjugate 
B-cell and T-cell 
yes memory cells 
long immunity
immunogenic in infancy
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5
Q

most abundant amino acid in collagen

A

glycine

Glycine - X - Y - Gly - X- Y - Gly

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6
Q

What tissues cannot use ketones for energy

A

Liver and RBCs

Liver Produces Ketones

Muscle, Kidney, Brain - use Ketones

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7
Q

Heart failure med that prevents/improves ventricular remodeling

A

Mineralocoricoid receptor antagonists

spironolactone, eplerenone

contrainicated in pts with hyperK and renal failure

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8
Q

Noise induced hearing loss occurs due to damage of?

A

stereociliated hair cells on the Organ of Corti

high frequency sounds are lost first

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9
Q

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

A

argues
refuses to follow rules
deliberately annoys others
blames others

no serious violation of societal norms

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10
Q

Conduct Disorder

A

violates the basic rights of others or societal norms

criminal stuff

grow up to be Antisocial (Sociopath)

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11
Q

ADHD

A

onset before 12 years old

poor attention
hyperactivity
impulsivity

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12
Q

Internal Hemorrhoids venous drainage

A

Above pectinate line

middle rectal –> internal iliac
superior rectal –> inferior mesenteric –> liver

painless

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13
Q

External Hemorrhoids venous drainage

A

Below pectinate line

inferior rectal –> internal pudendal –> internal iliac –> caval system

pain via interior rectal branch of pudendal N.

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14
Q

Most common outcome of HBV infection

A

complete resolution (>95%)

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15
Q

NNRTI

A 
Efavirenz = efaVIRenz
Nevirapine = neVIRapine

allosteric RT inhibitors

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16
Q

NRTI

A

abacavir
tenofovir
emtricitabine
-VUDINEs

ADR: central fat deposition

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17
Q

PIs

A

daruNAVIR
ritoNAVIR
-NAVIRs

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18
Q

HEV

A

unenveloped RNA virus

fulminant hepatitis of pregnant women

fecal oral transmission

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19
Q

Stongyloides stercoralis

A

Rhabditiform larvae in the stool

infect via feet –> lungs –> GI

tx: ivermectin

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20
Q

Dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers

A

-dipines (amlodipine, nifedipine)

vasodilate vascular smooth muscle

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21
Q

non-DHPR calcium channel blockers

A

Verapamil>Diltiazem

reduce HR and contractility at cardiac muscle

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22
Q

Carcinoembryonic Antigen

A

elevated with pancreatic, gastric, breast, and colon cancers
also IBD, COPD, cirrhosis, pancreatitis, and smokers

used to monitor colorectal cancer (increased = worse prognosis, failure to normalize =persistent disease)

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23
Q

Tetrodotoxin

A

Fugu = Puffer fish

binds Na+ channels and prevents action potential.

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24
Q

Polymyalgia rheumatica

A

Pain and stiffness in hips and shoulders + fever, malaise, weight loss (NOT weakness)

associated with Giant Temporal Cell Arteritis

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25
Primary Biliary Cholangitis
chronic autoimmune liver disease +anti-mitochondrial antibodies patchy lymphocytic inflammation with granulomatous destruction of intrahepatic bile ducts and necrosis (similar histopath to graft-vs-host w/ lymphocytes in the liver) Fat, Forty, Female, Fertile
26
Type I Muscle Fibers
@ postural skeletal muscle (paraspinal muscles) slow twitch, red fibers ATP from oxidative phosphorylation
27
Type II Muscle Fibers
IIa - fast twitch, aerobic oxidative phosphorylation IIb - anaerobic glycogenolysis and glycolysis biceps, deltoid, etc rapid, forceful movements
28
Effects of ADH on the Medullary segment of the collecting duct?
increase urea and water reabsorption into the interstitium @ the medulla --> produce maximally concentrated urine reabsorption of urea --> loop of Henle osmotic gradient!
29
Stress Ulcer
``` shock burn - Curling Ulcer sepsis severe trauma intracranial injury - Cushing Ulcer ``` Cushing ulcers due to vagus nerve stimulation from increased ICP --> increased ACh release --> hypersecretion of gastric acid
30
MLF Lesion
Dorsal Pons Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia ipsilateral eye unable to adduct contralateral abducts with nystagmus convergence and pupillary light reflex preserved
31
Mycobacterium leprae
``` tuberculoid = mild lepromatous = severe ``` tuberculoid --> strong TH1 response (IL-2, IFN-gamma, IL-12) --> macrophage response --> bacterial killing but also hypopigmented well demarcated plaques Lepromatous --> TH2 (IL-4, IL-5, IL-10) --> more numerous and poorly demarcated lesions positive lepromin skin test = Tuberculoid
32
When is beta-hCG first detectable in the serum?
8 days after fertilization | produced by syncytiotrophoblast
33
I-cell Disease
Inclusion cell Disease - Autosomal Reessive lysosomal storage disorder defection phosphotransferase enzyme --> extracellular secretion of proteins that should be sent to lysosome and inclusion bodies = lysosomes full of cellular debris that can't be broken down due to inability of the cell to target proteins to the lysosome - deficient phosphorylation of mannose residues on glycoproteins in the Golgi
34
Essentail Fructosuria
Benign Fructokinase deficiency hexokinase takes over the role of fructose metabolism and converts fructose --> fructose-6-phosphate normally Fructose --> Fructose-1-phosphate via Fructokinase fructose-1-phosphate then metabolized by Aldolase B
35
Second Generation Antipsychotics
Clozapine, Olanzapine -zapines ADRS: weight gain, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, increased risk of DM routine monitoring of: weight, waist circumference, BP, fasting glucose, lipid profile monitor bone marrow clozely with clozapine tx: Schizophrenia (also bipolar, OCD, anxiety)
36
Hyperacusis
increased sensitivity to sound damage to Stapedius Nerve (branch of Facial Nerve CN VII) --> paralysis of the stapedius --> increased sensitivity to noise
37
Achilles reflex
S1
38
Pancreatic Beta Cell Function
Glucose --> GLUT2 channel --> TCA cycle --> increased ATP --> ATP binds K+ channel causing it to close --> depolarization --> calcium influx --> insulin release K+ channles on beta cell regulated by ATP (which is produced from blood glucose)
39
T-test
T for 2
40
ANOVA
Analysis of Variance (3 words, 3 or more groups)
41
Theophylline
bronchodilator PDEi --> increased cAMP --> bronchodilation OD: seizures and tachyarrhythmias
42
Bacillus anthracis
only bacterium with polypeptide capsule - D-glutamate
43
no dorsal column involvement
ALS anterior horn and lateral corticospinal tracts
44
Schwannoma
S-100 + (neural crest cell origin)
45
Bupropion
does not cause sexual side effects does cause seizures in eating disorders and preexisting seizure conditions
46
MAOi
Tranylcypromine, Phenelzine, Selegiline, Isocarboxazid for atypical depression OD tx is phentolamine (after too much wine and cheese night)
47
Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis
due to persistant diastolic BP > 120-130 onion-like concentric thickening of arteriolar walls
48
Edwards Syndrome
Trisomy 18 micrognathia, prominent occiput, low set ears, clenched fists with second and fifth digits on top of third and fourth, rocker-bottom feet
49
Capitation
pay a fixed amount for all medical services underlying structure of an HMO
50
Hyperglycemia induced cataracts
accumulation of sorbitol in the lens --> water influx and osmotic cellular injury glucose --> sorbitol --> fructose
51
Osler-Weber-Rendu Syndrome
hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia telangiectasias in the skin, oronasopharynx, respiratory tract, GI, urinary tract these can rupture and cause bleeding (epistaxis, GI bleeds, hematuria)
52
basophilic stippling
lead poisoning
53
Cryptococcus neoformans
budding yeast, round/oval encapsulated cells with narrow-based buds virulence: thick polysaccharide capsule meningoencephalitis is HIV+ pts tx: Amphotericin B + flucytosine
54
Trichomoniasis
frothy yellow-green vaginal discharge looks with saline microscopy tx: metronidazole
55
Bacterial vaginosis
Gardnerella vaginalis thin white/gray discharge with fishy odor (with KOH) clue cells = epithelial cells with gram variable rods tx: metronidazole or clindamycin
56
Candida vaginitis
thick "cottage cheese" discharge pH (3.8 - 4.5) tx: fluconazole
57
``` Cancer Drugs and Cell Cycles S G2 M G1/G0 ```
S - antimetabolites (azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, hydroxyurea, 5-FU) block DNA synthesis G2 - bleomycin M - microtubule inhibitors (paclitaxel, vinblastine, vincristine) cell cycle independent - alkylating agents ( cyclophosphamide) platinum agents (cisplatin)
58
Roseola
HHV6 and HHV7 - enveloped linear dsDNA high fever +/- febrile seizure --> erythematous maculopapular rash that starts on trunk and spreads to face and arms/legs kids <2y/o
59
thin stratum granulosum and prominent parakeratotic stratum corneum
psoriasis
60
presystolic sound that precedes first heart sound; is best heard at expiration in left lateral decubitus
S4 aka atrial gallop heard immediately after atrial contraction as blood is forced into a stiff ventricle Ventricular Hypertrophy aortic stenosis
61
Herpes Encephalitis
prefers temporal lobes
62
D-xylose
monosaccharide that is absorbed directly, no need for pancreatic enzymes decreased absorption with SIBO (small intestine bacterial overgrowth)
63
Production of ketones in a fasting person?
stress hormones (cortisol, glucagon, catecholamines) --> increased hormone sensitive lipase activity --> TG conversion to free fatty acids and glycerol --> glycerol uptake in the liver for gluconeogenesis also TGs --> Acetyl-CoA via beta-oxidation ---> ketone bodies
64
Aortic Regurg
decrescendo diastolic murmur, high-pitched blowing, best heard white pt sits up and leans forward with breath held at end expiration
65
selective albuminuria
minimal change disease
66
First area of the brain to be damaged in global cerebral ischemia
hippocampus
67
What causes outflow obstruction in HCM
mitral valve leaflet and interventricular septum don't give them nitrates, we need to increase preload and prop the door open
68
Pulmonary vascular bed
hypoxia causes vasoconstriction (this is unique) divert blood away from underventilated areas towards regions of better vent

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