March 12 Flashcards
Neurocysticercosis
From ingestion of Taenia solium eggs
In Central and Souther America
cause for seizures at otherwise healthy individuals
Pituitary stalk impingement
decreased dopamine
increased prolactin
Downs associated caners
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Site of ADH production
hypothalamus
Site of ADH storage
pituitary
Secretin (production? function? response?)
produced in duodenal S cells in response to increase H+
promotes HCO3- secretion from pancreas
Gs Pathway
increase: adenylate cyclase –> cAMP –> PKA activity
glucagon, TSH, PTH
Increased 2,3 BPG
Right Shift Oxygen Dissociation Curve
increase O2 unloading at tissues
Right Shift Oxygen Dissociation Curve
increased: PCo2, [H+], Temperature, 2,3 BPG
decreased: PO2, pH
HbS
sickle cell dz
polymerization @ deoxy state
X-linked agammaglobulinema
mutation at Burton Tyrosine Kinase
failure of maturation of B-cells, so they are present in bone marrow but not in circulation
increased pyogenic infections (encapsulated bacteria)
increased parasitic infections
increased viral infections
Odds Ratio
Dz No Dz
Tx: A B
No Tx: C D
OR= AD/BC OR = (A/B)/(C/D)
Relative Risk
Dz No Dz
Tx: A B
No Tx: C D
RR = (A/(A+B)) / (C/(C+D))
Where does compliment bind IgG
Near hinge region of Fc
Where do phagocytes bind IgG
at terminal region of Fc
Retroperitoneal organs?
S = suprarenal A = aorta (abdominal) D = duodenum (parts 2-4) P = pancreas (head and body) U = ureters C = colon (ascending and descending) K = kidneys E = esophagus R = rectum
Cannulate Femoral Artery above or below inguinal ligament?
BELOW!
if you attempt above and puncture it you can have retroperitoneal bleeding! v. bad
Contents of femoral artery?
Lateral - Nerve, Artery, Vein - Medial
Most oxygen rich blood in fetal circulation?
umbilical vein –> ductus venosum –> IVC
Glomerular changes in SLE?
basement membrane thickening and ‘wire-loop’ changes
Obturator Nerve function?
adduction of the thigh
Misoprostol
PGE1 agonist
abortive
misoPROSTol and PROSTaglandin
Mifepristone
progesteron and glucocorticoid antagonist
abortive
DHFR drugs
dihydrofolate reductase
Methotrexate - humans
Trimethoprim (TMP) - bacteria
Pyrimethamine - protazoa
Celecoxib
COX-2 inhibitor
Safety: GI>Cardio
use in patients with peptic ulcer disease
Thyroid Peroxidase
Couples (mono/di) iodotyrosines –> T3 and T4
Oxidation and Organification of iodide
Inhibitors: Methimazole and Propylthiouracil (PTU)
Methimazole and Propylthiouracil
block thyroid peroxidase
prevent oxidation and organification of iodide
precent coupling of iodotryosines
Troponin C
binds Calcium, induces conformation change in tropomyosin, reveals actin binding site at myosin
-mab
monoclonal antibody
-nib
kinase inhibitor
-cept
receptor molecule decoy
Adenomyosis
Endometrial glandular tissue in the myometrium
symp: heavy and painful periods
demographic: middle aged multiparous women
Sirolimus
binds to FKBP to inhibit mTOR –> cell cycle blockage G1–>S
inhibits lymphocyte proliferation
blocks IL-2 signal transduction
(IL-2 –> mTOR activation) - disrupted
Rule of 68/95/99
Mean +/- 1 standard deviation = 68%
Mean +/- 2 standard deviation = 95%
Mean +/- 3 standard deviation = 99%
Whooping Cough
Caused by Bordetella pertussis
gram negative coccobacillus
Pertussis Toxin
blocks Gi - increased cAMP causes decreased phagocytosis
MHC-I structure
Heavy Chain + beta2 microglobulin
MHC-II structure
alpha and beta polypeptide chains
Organophosphate poisoning
acetylcholine esterase inhibitors (AChEi)
B = bronchospasm B = bradycardia S = salivation and sweating L = lacrimation U = urination D = diarrhea G = GI upset E = excitation of skeletal muscle
tx: atropine - competitive inhibitor ACh receptor
pralidoxime - regenerates AChE
Etanercept
TNF-alpha receptor decoy
tx: added to methotrexate for rheumatoid arthritis
Warfarin monitoring
PT/INR
Heparin monitoring
PTT
Lowest PVR (Pulmonary Vascular Resistance)
at FRC (functional residual capacity)
end of normal (not forced) expiration
Least oxygenated blood in the body?
at coronary sinus which receives blood from coronary veins
myocytes are excellent at extracting 02
Purely ketogenic amino acids
Lysine and Leucine
converted directly to Acetyl-CoA so no lactic acid production
pts with pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency
Where is the Edinger-Westphal nucleus located and what is it’s function?
Midbrain
Pupillary Light Reflex
Gardnerella vaginalis
gray/white discharge
fishy odor
clue cells = epithelial cells with anaerobic gram variable rods
pH>4.5
Ezetimibe
decrease intestinal absorption of cholesterol at the brush border
How to test Concentration?
Serial Sevens
Months of the Year BACKWARDS
Vitamin A deficiency symptoms?
Night blindness
hyperkeratosis - dry itchy skin
Inhibitory neurotransmitters
GABA
Glycine
Copper excretion
heptatic @ bile –> poop
Etoposide
Topoisomerase II
DNA Pol I
5’-3’ exonuclease activity
removes RNA primers
Ribavirin
Treatment for HCV (with IFN-alpha)
- promotes lethal hypermutation
- inhibits RNA polymerase
- depletes GTP for defection 5’ caps
in summary: interferes with duplication of genetic material
CRH
ACTH, MSH, beta-endorphin
Chronic lymphedema
increase risk of lymphangiocarcoma
Dihydropyridines
effects
side effects
-dipines (amlodipine, nifedipine)
block voltage dependent L-type calcium channels
used for HTN, angina, and Raynaud
side effects: peripheral edema, flushing, dizziness, gingival hyperplasia
Calcium Channel blockers
Vascular Smooth Muscle = vasodilation
-dipines>diltiazem>verapamil
Heart = decrease contractility
verapamil>diltiazem>-dipines
Gating of CFTR Channel?
ATP
Ethosuximide
Treatment for Absence Seizures
MOA: blocks T-type Ca++ channels @ thalamic neurons causing hyperpolarization
Heparin
monitor with PTT
binds antithrombin III
Multiple Sclerosis
Oligodendrocyte depletion
decreased myelin
Increases IgG @ CSF –> oligoclonal bands
Sign of Constrictive Pericarditits
Increased JVP
Kussmaul sign
Pulsus paradoxus
MEN1
Pituitary Tumors
(PRL or GH)
Pancreatic Tumors
gastrinoma, VIPoma
Parathyroid adenoma
menin = tumor suppressor gene at Chr11
MEN2A
Medullary thyroid carcinoma
Pheochromocytoma
Parathyroid hyperplasia
RET gene = receptor tyrosine kinase
MEN2B
Medullary thyroid carcinoma
Pheochromocytoma
Mucosal neuromas
Marfanoid body
RET gene = receptor tyrosine kinase
