March 2021 Flashcards
Explain how regeneration can help to solve urban problems
Low cost rent and ownership addresses the problem of lower incomes; planting and garden schemes will improve the environment in run- down urban areas; street markets may help to bring communities together and renovating otherwise derelict housing and/or improving the physical appearance of housing will attract people back into the area to reduce population decline
Grand central regeneration:
. Created 1000 permanent jobs
. Land used for shopping + restaurants – social space
. 100m3 rainwater collection tank, 60% of rainwater harvested
. 325m2 green wall with over 25 different species along Moor Street
Birmingham
Direct rail links , 34 million people in 2014
Greenest city, 8000 acres
To what extent has urban change created social and economic opportunities in a UK city you have studied?
Balti triangle clustered along Stowey Land, Lady Pool and Stratford
. People travel all over the world
. Community events such as Diwali
. 5 Universities with over 50,000 students – young and dynamic city
. Birmingham Hippodrome – most visited UK Theatre, 520,000 visitors each year
. City centre museum + art gallery – over 2000 exhibits
. Largest num of start up businesses outside of London
. Increased investment of brownfield inc canal developments like Mailbox,
. Bull ring – over 160 shops, 750,000 visitors a week
. Job opportunities inc retail, research (Birmingham BioHub
. Commonwealth games 2022
. HSBC’s £200 million investment in new UK headquarters in Canterbury square
. Grand central 1000 permanent jobs
Talk about challenges
Fair trade
Fair prices means that farmers and therefore countries will be much less subject to changing prices on world markets and can have a more stable income.
• Fairtrade mean farmers in LICs are paid a fair price for goods, eg: coffee and bananas so they can provide income for families.
• Increasing individual farmer income means they will no longer be as poorand may be able to plan for the future.
• Improvements may also follow in education or health care, sometimes
funded by the fairtrade organisations which will improve social measures of development eg: a rise in HDI or literacy scores.
5mi benefit in 58 countries
Post industrial economy
UK - growing tertiary and quaternary industries as raw material extraction, heavy industry and manufacturing continue to decline.
• In figure illustrates research and innovation is linked to the fact that the centre is run by Sheffield University.
• The centre is built on a brownfield site reclaimed from former types of industries, showing the change perfectly.
• Shows how need for manufacture but it is more specialised and primarily in the ‘knowledge economy’ by developing research related to improvements rather than large scale manufacture.
They are often footloose – they are not tied to heavy raw materials so can locate wherever they have a cost advantage.
2. Locate close to transport routes such as motorways and railways stations to offer maximum access for customers and employees
3. Dependent upon HUMAN RESOURCES – they need people’s ideas and skills to make them work and innovate new products and ideas. They therefore require a highly educated work force
4. More sustainable than heavy industry, with lower energy needs, low or zero air pollution emissions, landscaping to offer a nice environment and carbon neutral buildings.
5. They often group together so that ideas can be exchanged – this is known as agglomeration
Information technology, service industries, finance, research, service and business parks
Cambridge science park
Nigeria
Nigeria is an NEE in West Africa. Nigeria is just north of the equator and experiences a range of environments.
Nigeria’s diversity has created rich and varied artistic culture
. Country has a rich music, literacy and film industry (i.e. Nollywood)
. A successful national football side
Once mainly based on agriculture, 50% of its economy is now manufacturing and services
. A thriving manufacturing industry is increasing foreign investment and employment opportunities
Nigeria is a multi-cultural, multi-faith society
. Although mostly a strength, diversity has caused regional conflicts from groups such as the Boko Haram terrorists
Nigeria plays a leading role with the African Union and UN
. Growing links with China with huge investment in infrastructure
. Main import includes petrol from the EU, cars from Brazil and phones from China
TNCs such as Shell have played an important role in its economy
+ investment has increased employment and income
- Profits move to HICs
- Many oil spills have damaged fragile environments
From 1999, the country became stable with free and fair elections. Stability has encouraged global investment from China and USA.
Nigeria is the most populous and economically powerful country in Africa. Economic growth has been based on oil exports.
Life expectancy increased from 46 to 53 years
64% have access to safe water
. Typical schooling years has increased from 7 to 9
Explain how urban industrial areas can help encourage development.
Figure shows how a central location within the country and proximity to roads, rail, port and airport attract foreign investment allowing a range of industries to develop
Lagos has good transport connections and expanding market for goods+services and have attracted other industries to locate there
the primary industry as found in rural areas e.g. farming. Jobs are available here that are not available in many other places in Nigeria, even the capital Abuja. Tertiary jobs such as lawyers, computing, finance and business are in demand, allowing people to earn a significantly better wage in the formal sector, paying taxes and being able to send money home. It is also possible to work in the informal sector, for example as a street vendor or recycling waste, that does not pay tax, but still allows people to earn more than previously.
Japan
Negative correlation between GNI and birth rate.
The birth rate falls as the DTM progresses, happens alongside economic growth, shown here by Japan’s high GNI/low BR.
As people become wealthier they they don’t need to have so many children
As countries’ GNI grows they can invest in health care which means lower infant mortality so fewer children need to be born in an effort to make sure some survive.
As the birth rate begins to fall more money will become available in households and more widely in the economy for investment which will increase GNI
At stage 5 will be Japan with very low birth rate and high wealth
