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Caleb's Step 1 > March 12 > Flashcards

March 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Neurocysticercosis

A

From ingestion of Taenia solium eggs
In Central and Souther America
cause for seizures at otherwise healthy individuals

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2
Q

Pituitary stalk impingement

A

decreased dopamine

increased prolactin

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3
Q

Downs associated caners

A

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Acute Myeloid Leukemia

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4
Q

Site of ADH production

A

hypothalamus

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5
Q

Site of ADH storage

A

pituitary

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6
Q

Secretin (production? function? response?)

A

produced in duodenal S cells in response to increase H+

promotes HCO3- secretion from pancreas

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7
Q

Gs Pathway

A

increase: adenylate cyclase –> cAMP –> PKA activity

glucagon, TSH, PTH

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8
Q

Increased 2,3 BPG

A

Right Shift Oxygen Dissociation Curve

increase O2 unloading at tissues

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9
Q

Right Shift Oxygen Dissociation Curve

A

increased: PCo2, [H+], Temperature, 2,3 BPG
decreased: PO2, pH

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10
Q

HbS

A

sickle cell dz

polymerization @ deoxy state

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11
Q

X-linked agammaglobulinema

A

mutation at Burton Tyrosine Kinase

failure of maturation of B-cells, so they are present in bone marrow but not in circulation

increased pyogenic infections (encapsulated bacteria)
increased parasitic infections
increased viral infections

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12
Q

Odds Ratio

A

Dz No Dz
Tx: A B
No Tx: C D

OR= AD/BC
OR = (A/B)/(C/D)
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13
Q

Relative Risk

A

Dz No Dz
Tx: A B
No Tx: C D

RR = (A/(A+B)) / (C/(C+D))

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14
Q

Where does compliment bind IgG

A

Near hinge region of Fc

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15
Q

Where do phagocytes bind IgG

A

at terminal region of Fc

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16
Q

Retroperitoneal organs?

A 
S = suprarenal
A = aorta (abdominal)
D = duodenum (parts 2-4)
P = pancreas (head and body)
U = ureters
C = colon (ascending and descending)
K = kidneys
E = esophagus 
R = rectum
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17
Q

Cannulate Femoral Artery above or below inguinal ligament?

A

BELOW!

if you attempt above and puncture it you can have retroperitoneal bleeding! v. bad

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18
Q

Contents of femoral artery?

A

Lateral - Nerve, Artery, Vein - Medial

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19
Q

Most oxygen rich blood in fetal circulation?

A

umbilical vein –> ductus venosum –> IVC

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20
Q

Glomerular changes in SLE?

A

basement membrane thickening and ‘wire-loop’ changes

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21
Q

Obturator Nerve function?

A

adduction of the thigh

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22
Q

Misoprostol

A

PGE1 agonist

abortive

misoPROSTol and PROSTaglandin

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23
Q

Mifepristone

A

progesteron and glucocorticoid antagonist

abortive

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24
Q

DHFR drugs

dihydrofolate reductase

A

Methotrexate - humans
Trimethoprim (TMP) - bacteria
Pyrimethamine - protazoa

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25
Q

Celecoxib

A

COX-2 inhibitor

Safety: GI>Cardio

use in patients with peptic ulcer disease

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26
Q

Thyroid Peroxidase

A

Couples (mono/di) iodotyrosines –> T3 and T4
Oxidation and Organification of iodide

Inhibitors: Methimazole and Propylthiouracil (PTU)

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27
Q

Methimazole and Propylthiouracil

A

block thyroid peroxidase

prevent oxidation and organification of iodide
precent coupling of iodotryosines

28
Q

Troponin C

A

binds Calcium, induces conformation change in tropomyosin, reveals actin binding site at myosin

29
Q

-mab

A

monoclonal antibody

30
Q

-nib

A

kinase inhibitor

31
Q

-cept

A

receptor molecule decoy

32
Q

Adenomyosis

A

Endometrial glandular tissue in the myometrium

symp: heavy and painful periods
demographic: middle aged multiparous women

33
Q

Sirolimus

A

binds to FKBP to inhibit mTOR –> cell cycle blockage G1–>S
inhibits lymphocyte proliferation
blocks IL-2 signal transduction

(IL-2 –> mTOR activation) - disrupted

34
Q

Rule of 68/95/99

A

Mean +/- 1 standard deviation = 68%
Mean +/- 2 standard deviation = 95%
Mean +/- 3 standard deviation = 99%

35
Q

Whooping Cough

A

Caused by Bordetella pertussis

gram negative coccobacillus

36
Q

Pertussis Toxin

A

blocks Gi - increased cAMP causes decreased phagocytosis

37
Q

MHC-I structure

A

Heavy Chain + beta2 microglobulin

38
Q

MHC-II structure

A

alpha and beta polypeptide chains

39
Q

Organophosphate poisoning

A

acetylcholine esterase inhibitors (AChEi)

B = bronchospasm
B = bradycardia
S = salivation and sweating
L = lacrimation 
U = urination 
D = diarrhea 
G = GI upset 
E = excitation of skeletal muscle

tx: atropine - competitive inhibitor ACh receptor

pralidoxime - regenerates AChE

40
Q

Etanercept

A

TNF-alpha receptor decoy

tx: added to methotrexate for rheumatoid arthritis

41
Q

Warfarin monitoring

A

PT/INR

42
Q

Heparin monitoring

A

PTT

43
Q

Lowest PVR (Pulmonary Vascular Resistance)

A

at FRC (functional residual capacity)

end of normal (not forced) expiration

44
Q

Least oxygenated blood in the body?

A

at coronary sinus which receives blood from coronary veins

myocytes are excellent at extracting 02

45
Q

Purely ketogenic amino acids

A

Lysine and Leucine

converted directly to Acetyl-CoA so no lactic acid production

pts with pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency

46
Q

Where is the Edinger-Westphal nucleus located and what is it’s function?

A

Midbrain

Pupillary Light Reflex

47
Q

Gardnerella vaginalis

A

gray/white discharge
fishy odor
clue cells = epithelial cells with anaerobic gram variable rods

pH>4.5

48
Q

Ezetimibe

A

decrease intestinal absorption of cholesterol at the brush border

49
Q

How to test Concentration?

A

Serial Sevens

Months of the Year BACKWARDS

50
Q

Vitamin A deficiency symptoms?

A

Night blindness

hyperkeratosis - dry itchy skin

51
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

GABA

Glycine

52
Q

Copper excretion

A

heptatic @ bile –> poop

53
Q

Etoposide

A

Topoisomerase II

54
Q

DNA Pol I

A

5’-3’ exonuclease activity

removes RNA primers

55
Q

Ribavirin

A

Treatment for HCV (with IFN-alpha)

  • promotes lethal hypermutation
  • inhibits RNA polymerase
  • depletes GTP for defection 5’ caps

in summary: interferes with duplication of genetic material

56
Q

CRH

A

ACTH, MSH, beta-endorphin

57
Q

Chronic lymphedema

A

increase risk of lymphangiocarcoma

58
Q

Dihydropyridines
effects
side effects

A

-dipines (amlodipine, nifedipine)

block voltage dependent L-type calcium channels
used for HTN, angina, and Raynaud

side effects: peripheral edema, flushing, dizziness, gingival hyperplasia

59
Q

Calcium Channel blockers

A

Vascular Smooth Muscle = vasodilation
-dipines>diltiazem>verapamil

Heart = decrease contractility
verapamil>diltiazem>-dipines

60
Q

Gating of CFTR Channel?

A

ATP

61
Q

Ethosuximide

A

Treatment for Absence Seizures

MOA: blocks T-type Ca++ channels @ thalamic neurons causing hyperpolarization

62
Q

Heparin

A

monitor with PTT

binds antithrombin III

63
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

Oligodendrocyte depletion

decreased myelin

Increases IgG @ CSF –> oligoclonal bands

64
Q

Sign of Constrictive Pericarditits

A

Increased JVP

Kussmaul sign

Pulsus paradoxus

65
Q

MEN1

A

Pituitary Tumors
(PRL or GH)

Pancreatic Tumors
gastrinoma, VIPoma

Parathyroid adenoma

menin = tumor suppressor gene at Chr11

66
Q

MEN2A

A

Medullary thyroid carcinoma

Pheochromocytoma

Parathyroid hyperplasia

RET gene = receptor tyrosine kinase

67
Q

MEN2B

A

Medullary thyroid carcinoma

Pheochromocytoma

Mucosal neuromas

Marfanoid body

RET gene = receptor tyrosine kinase

Caleb's Step 1 (16 decks)

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