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Human Physiology Bio 251 > MAP 1 > Flashcards

MAP 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

The body’s internal environment is separated into compartments by barriers (including epithelial barriers) that may or may not allow for molecular movement from one compartment to another. Which of the following terms most accurately describes these membranes?

A

Semipermeable or selectively permeable

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2
Q 
Which of the following molecule types is NOT a polymer? 
A. protein
B. RNA
C. glycogen
D. fatty acid
E. DNA
A

D. fatty acid

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3
Q 
In the digestive tract, absorption is controlled by mechanisms on the cell's apical membrane surface. What type of physical barriers would be in place to keep these mechanisms from being circumnavigated?
A. gap junctions
B. desmosomes
C. tight junctions
D. microvilli
E. carrier proteins
A

C. tight junctions

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4
Q

Effectors bring about a final response in a negative feedback loop.

A

True

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5
Q

Which of the following is NOT a function of nucleotides?
Which of the following is NOT a function of nucleotides?
A. providing substrates for the citric acid cycle
B. storing the genetic code
C. providing most of the energy for cellular processes
D. expressing the genetic code
E. providing electrons to the electron transport chain

A

A. providing substrates for the citric acid cycle

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6
Q 
The presence of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ chemical groups makes carbohydrates \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. hydroxyl : nonpolar
B. hydroxyl : polar
C. carboxyl : polar and acidic
D. amino : polar
E. amino : acidic
A

B. hydroxyl : polar

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7
Q

When blood glucose levels are high…

A

The pancreas releases insulin

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8
Q

A liver cell responds to insulin by…

A

Taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen

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9
Q

What cells in the body respond to glucagon by breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose?

A

Liver cells

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10
Q

Body cells that respond to insulin include…

A

Liver cells, as well as most other cells of the body

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11
Q

When blood glucose levels are low…

A

The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase

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12
Q

The body’s tendency to maintain relatively constant internal conditions is called

A

Homeostasis

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13
Q

Thermoregulation in the body is an example of __________.

A

Negative feedback

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14
Q

If thermoregulation is a feedback process, then the proper temperature set point is primarily controlled by the __________. It is also this location that will try to maintain the body at its set point.

A

Integrating center

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15
Q

The __________ for body temperature control is also known as the __________; its location is in the __________.

A

Integrating center; thermoregulatory center; brain

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16
Q

Generically, a homeostatic system should consist of at least __________ components.

A

3

17
Q

Both heat exhaustion and heat stroke involve a(n) __________ to dissipate (get rid of) enough heat from the human body.

A

Inability

18
Q

The main difference between heat exhaustion and heat stroke is that heat stroke involves a(n) __________.

A

Improper functioning of the thermoregulatory system, most importantly the integrating center

19
Q

A normal adult, maintaining a normal body temperature, would temporarily experience a __________, if some microorganism were to enter the body and suddenly cause the body to inappropriately (non-homeostatically) reset its proper temperature set point to a higher level, like 105°.

A

Chill

20
Q

A healthy individual subjected to extreme environmental heat will get rid of heat by __________ to the skin and __________.

A

Vasodilating (opening) blood vessels; sweating

21
Q

One __________ that can distinguish heat exhaustion from heat stroke is that in heat exhaustion the person is still sweating.

A

Sign

22
Q

In the case of heat stroke, one emergency treatment is to __________.

A

Immerse the person in an ice bath

23
Q

The innermost compartment of a mitochondrion is called the matrix.

A

True

24
Q

The bulk of ATP production is performed where?

A

Mitochondria

25
Q

Based on the energy requirements of catabolic and anabolic reactions, which of the statements is correct? A. Anabolic reactions are able to occur in cells because cellular mechanisms link these reactions with catabolic reactions.
B. Anabolic reactions should occur spontaneously in cells.
C. Neither anabolic nor catabolic reactions can occur spontaneously in cells.
D. Catabolic reactions should not occur spontaneously in cells.

A

A. Anabolic reactions are able to occur in cells because cellular mechanisms link these reactions with catabolic reactions.

26
Q

What is the type of chemical reaction used to rebuild ADP into ATP?

A

Dehydration synthesis

Yes, a water molecule is removed, thus it is called dehydration synthesis. Building ATP from ADP requires a synthetic enzyme plus a source of energy to rebuild the high energy bond.

27
Q

Which of the following processes produces molecules of ATP and has two pyruvic acid molecules as end products?

A

Glycolysis

28
Q

Which of the following processes produces 36 ATP?

A

Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation

Yes, 36 ATPs are produced for each glucose molecule. This process, which takes place in the mitochondria, is considered aerobic respiration because oxygen is required.

29
Q

The “rest and recovery” period, where the muscle restores depleted reserves, includes all of the following processes EXCEPT __________.

A

Pyruvic acid is converted back to lactic acid

Yes, this is NOT a part of the “rest and recovery” period. When oxygen is available, lactic acid is converted back to pyruvic acid (not vice versa) that then enters the Krebs cycle. Lactic acid is the end product of the anaerobic pathway.

30
Q

Which type of muscle fiber has a large quantity of glycogen and mainly uses glycolysis to synthesize ATP?

A

White fast twitch fibers

Yes, white fast twitch fibers have high glycogen content for a readily available source of glucose for glycolysis. They appear white because of the reduced amount of myoglobin and fewer capillaries surrounding them. Because these fibers have reduced myoglobin and very few capillaries surrounding them, they have very little oxygen available for the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. They also have fewer mitochondria (where the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation would take place).

31
Q

In addition to the fact that it stinks really badly, smoking cigarettes also damages the cilia located in the lumen of the upper respiratory structures. What part of the cytoskeleton is damaged by smoking cigarettes?

A

Microtubule

Yes. Microtubules are components of cilia.

32
Q

Which of the following is NOT an epithelial structure?
A. the innermost wall of the urinary bladder (the lining)
B. an eccrine sweat gland
C. the organ that secretes the hormone renin
D. the sciatic nerve

A

D. the sciatic nerve

Nerves are organs formed predominantly from nervous tissue.

33
Q

The following reaction is an example of oxidation: FAD + 2 H+ → FADH2

A

False

34
Q

What tissue is a major component of bone, ligaments, and blood?

A

Connective

35
Q

The Golgi apparatus sorts and packages proteins into vesicles targeted for their final destination.

A

True

36
Q

Exocrine glands secrete hormones.

A

False

Human Physiology Bio 251 (3 decks)

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