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Science 10 EST > Manufacturing Technical Objects > Flashcards

Manufacturing Technical Objects Flashcards

1
Q

When manufacturing objects, we must consider many aspects.

A

What constraints will the object be subject to?
(Constraints are stresses than an object must endure)
Will it deform in any way?
Do the materials used need to have specific properties?
(depending on the intended use of the object)
Do we need to condition the materials so they survive longer?

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2
Q

Types of constraints

A

Deflection, Compression, Tension, Torsion and Shearing

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3
Q

Compression

A

A material subjected to forces that tend to crush it is undergoing compression.

Symbol: –> <–

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4
Q

Compression ex.

A
  • hands squeezing a wet sponge
  • a foot crushing a can
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5
Q

Tension

A

A material subjected to forces that tend to stretch it is undergoing tension

Symbol: <—– ——>

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6
Q

Tension ex

A

Copper stretched into wire
Two teams in a tug of war

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7
Q

Torsion

A

A material subjected to forces that tend to twist it is undergoing torsion

Symbol: recycle circle

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8
Q

Torsion ex

A

An earthquake twisting a bridge
Hands wringing a wet towel

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9
Q

Deflection

A

A material subjected to forces that tend to bend it undergoing deflection

small arrow down BIG ARROW UP small arrow down

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10
Q

Deflection ex

A

A fish bending a fishing rod
Clothes weighing down a clothesline

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11
Q

Shearing

A

A material subjected to forces that tend to cut it is undergoing shearing

half arrows towards eachother

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12
Q

Shearing ex

A

Scissors cutting paper
metal cutters trimming shapes from metal

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13
Q

Deformation

A

Deformation - can happen when constraints are strong, or the object is weak against a specific constraint

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14
Q

Types of deformation

A

Plastic, Elastic, fRACTUre

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15
Q

Elastic

A

Elastic - returns to original shape ( squeezing a plastic water bottle)

The constraint leads to a temporary change in the shape or dimensions of the material. When the constraint is removed, the material returns to its original form.

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16
Q

Plastic

A

Plastic - deformation is permanent (squeezing an aluminum pop can)
The constraint leads to a permanent change in the shape or dimensions of the material. When the constraint is removed, the material returns to its original form.

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17
Q

Fracture

A

Fracture - material breaks (applying deflection to a pencil)

The constraint is so intense that the material breaks

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18
Q

Hardness

A

Ability to resist indentation or abrasion

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19
Q

Elasticity

A

Ability to return to their original shape after undergoing a constraint

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20
Q

Resilience

A

Ability to resist shocks without breaking

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21
Q

Ductility

A

Ability to be stretched without breaking

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22
Q

Malleability

A

Ability to be flattened or bent without breaking

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23
Q

Stiffness

A

Ability to retain their shapes when subjected to various constraints

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24
Q

Resistance to corrosion

A

Ability to resist the effects of corrosive substances (such as water, various salts, and some components of fumes) which cause the formation of rust, for example.

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25
Q

Electrical conductivity

A

Ability to carry and electric current

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26
Q

Thermal conductivity

A

Ability to transmit heat

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27
Q

Degradation

A

Some materials degrade (may depend on the environment the material is placed in ), and will require protection to survive long-term use.
Degradation: the decline of the properties of a material due to the effects of the surrounding environment
(Ex: rust, plastic discoloration, etc)

28
Q

Protection of a material

A

Protection of a material: is the application of procedures that prevent or delay its degradation.
(Ex: rustproofing, additives in plastic, etc)

29
Q

Fragility

A

Opposite of resilience, breaks/shatters easily

30
Q

Lightness

A

Lightness - material that is not heavy (low density), important for large constructions

31
Q

3) Categories of Materials

A

You must know:
-Wood and modified wood
-Ceramics
-Nonferrous metals and alloys (main component not Fe)
-Ferrous alloys (main component Fe)
-Plastics
-Composite materials

32
Q

Modified wood

A

Modified wood: treated wood (processed or chemically treated), or material made from wood mixed with other substances (glues or plastics).
Ex: plywood, particleboard, fibreboard
Since wood is biological in nature, it degrades easily via fungi, microorganisms and insects.

33
Q

Function of categories of materials

A

Knowing categories of materials we can make the best choices of materials when planning or designing an object (toy vehicle, backyard deck, can opener, etc).

34
Q

How to protect wood

A

To protect the wood, treatments are possible:
-dipping the wood in an alkaline copper solution (gives greenish color)
-heating to a high temperature to remove moisture
-paints & varnishes

35
Q

Ceramics

A

Ceramic is a solid material obtained by heating inorganic matter containing various compounds (usually oxides).
Useful material properties:
-low electrical conductivity (insulator)
-high hardness, useful in building materials (bricks, tiles)
-heat resistance (useful for dishes, oven pieces)
-resistant to corrosion (useful for water ducts)
-fragile (not resilient)
Generally resistant to corrosion, but certain acids and bases can have a degrading effect on ceramics.

36
Q

Ceramics ex

A

-Glass
-Bricks
-Pottery (clay)

37
Q

Metals

A

Metal: material extracted from a mineral ore. Usually shiny and are good conductors of electricity and heat.

38
Q

ALloy

A

Alloy: mixture of a metal with one or more other substances, which may be metallic or nonmetallic.

Ferrous: iron is main component
Non-Ferrous: main component is not iron

39
Q

Useful Material Properties (Metals):

A

Useful Material Properties (Metals):
-metals/alloys can be soft or hard, we can choose hard alloys for building materials, or soft ones that are easier to shape
-metals/alloys are good conductors of heat and electricity
-metals/alloys are malleable and ductile: we can make sheets and wires and cables from metals/alloys.

40
Q

cause of metal degradation

A

Main cause of degradation:
Oxidation (exposure to air and water-based oxygens)

41
Q

Solutions to metal degradation

A

Solutions: 1) coatings and surface treatments (“anti-rust” coatings, paint, oil, etc)

2) Steel can be enhanced with heat treatments like quenching (rapidly cooling, makes the metal hard but brittle) and tempering (slow heating and cooling, makes the metal
less brittle).
This improves the mechanical properties of steel.

42
Q

Plastics

A

Mainly made from petroleum and natural gas (fossil fuels).
Most plastics are polymers (poly = many), which are small chemical units repeated and linked together into a chain.
Other substances may be added to the
polymers to enhance the material properties.

43
Q

Types of plastic

A

Thermoplastic and thermosetting plastic

44
Q

Thermoplastic

A

becomes soft enough when heated to be moulded or remoulded. Hardens enough when cooled to hold its shape.
Heat allows you to change its shape

45
Q

Thermosetting plastic

A

tting plastic: remains permanently hard, even when heated.
Heat make the shape permanent, cannot soften to change shape.

46
Q

Plastic degradation

A

Plastic degradation occurs over time: appearance of cracks and discoloration.

46
Q

plastic degradation CAUSES

A

Causes: -liquids (water, acids, etc) can penetrate certain
plastics and cause them to degrade
-Oxidation
-UltraViolet rays

47
Q

protections for plastic damage

A

Protections: -waterproof coating
Additives:
-addition of anti-oxidants (carbon black)
-addition of pigment that absorbs UV rays

48
Q

Composites

A

A composite material is made up of a combination of different categories of basic materials.
The result is often a “best of both worlds” scenario.
Composites are usually made of two parts: matrices and reinforcements.
Matrices (singular matrix): the components that holds everything together; bulk of material is matrix
Reinforcements: added into the matrix to support and reinforce

49
Q

Main matrices

A

Plastic matrices, metallic matrices, ceramic metraces, firbre glass, aramid fibres, carbon fibres

50
Q

Plastic matrices

A

Thermosetting plastics are preferred for plastic matries, although thermoplastics are also used. Thermosetting plastic matrices are often called resins.

  • DURABILITY, LIGHTNESS, RESILIENCE, LOW COST
51
Q

Metallic matrices

A

Made from metals or alloys
- Ductility
- Thermal and electrical conductivity
- stiffness

52
Q

Ceramic matrices

A

made from ceramics, often glass
DURABILITY, HEAT RESISTANCE

53
Q

Fibreglass

A

Made of glass a ceramic in the form of fibres. Their length and dimaemeter as well as the type of glass used, may vary. STINESS CORROSION RESISTANT

54
Q

Aramid fibres

A

Known by the trade name Kevlar and one of the few plastics used as a reinforcement

LOW DENSITY, RESILIENCE

55
Q

Carbon fribres

A

Obtained by carbonizing ploymers, mostly polyacrynolinitriles

STIFFNESS
LOW DENSITY
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY

56
Q

Degradation and Protection of composites

A

The matrix and reinforcement may degrade separately
Ex: -deformation / fracture of the matrix or reinforcement
-loss of adherence between the matrix and reinforcements

57
Q

4) Technical Drafting

A

Types of projections and drawings
Projection: the representation of a 3D object onto a 2D surface (paper/page/screen

58
Q

Isometric Projections

A

Good for presenting information/object, shows 3D aspect while maintaining proper proportions.
Isometric projections show the object in perspective (viewed from a single angle).
Uses angles of 120o

59
Q

Multiview Projections

A

Shows many sides of an object simultaneously.
Minimum of 3 sides are necessary to represent the whole object:
(right-side/left-side; front/back; top/bottom)

60
Q

General Arrangement Drawing

A

Technical drawing that represents the overall appearance of an object.
Usually drawn to scale (correct proportions).
This example includes both isometric and multiview projections.
May include some overall measurements, but not enough to machine and construct.
General arrangement drawings could be useful for marketing (size of object and box to hold it, etc)

61
Q

Exploded View

A

Drawing where the various parts of an object are separated from one another.
Useful when planning or performing assembly of an object.

62
Q

Detail Drawing

A

Detail drawings will include all the information needed to manufacture a part.
(measurements: angles, diameters, lengths, depths, etc)

Symbol for diameter is ⌀

63
Q

Dimensional Tolerance

A

Dimensional Tolerance : the value of the acceptable manufacturing error in size.

Like resistors, tolerance here indicates how off the production measure is from the design measure.

Example: dowel diameter D = 5.0 cm +/- 5% or D = 5.0 cm +/- 0.3 cm
% is relative tolerance, just a number is absolute tolerance
Symbol for diameter may also be ⌀

64
Q
A

Science 10 EST (7 decks)

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