Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HS 3025 > Manipulative Therapies > Flashcards

Manipulative Therapies Flashcards

1
Q

Chiropractic medicine

A

treatment based on the belief that the nervous system, skeletal system, and muscular system interact, and if that interaction is blocked, disease and/or pain will occur

Belief that body has inherent ability to heal itself if nerve impulses can travel freely between brain and rest of body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Chiropractic method of treatment

A

relieve blockage by using spinal manipulations or adjustments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Subluxation

A

1+ bones of the spine that have moved out of position and cause pressure on or irritate the spinal nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Adjustment/spinal manipulation

A

manipulating misaligned vertebrae or other joints in the body back in place

Adjust the spinal vertebrae that surround the spinal cord to release pressure on spine/nerves that connect to and innervate body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Bonesetters

A

people who set the broken bones without conducting surgery

Practiced in Europe, North Africa, Asia

Western folk medicine contains references to bonesetters; said to be early chiropractors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Daniel David Palmer (1845-1913)

A

1895 - founded chiropractic medicine

Manipulated misaligned vertebrae into place to cure patient of deafness

1898 - Palmer School of Chiropractic

Many problems; jailed for treating without license

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

David Daniel Palmer believed spinal manipulation could heal ~____% of all diseases

A

~95%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

chiropractors believe good health is determined by a healthy nervous system, particularly a healthy ______ ________

A

spinal column

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Primary belief

A

= using natural and conservative methods of health care and to allow the body to heal itself without the use of surgery or medication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

3 Camps of Chiropractic Philosophy

A
  1. Chiropractic Straights
  2. Chiropractic Mixers

(3) Reform Chiropractic (offshoot of mixers)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Chiropractic straights

A

~15%
1. Objective straights:
- sole focus is correction of vertebral subluxations
- Do no claim subluxations cause any disease
- more modern than traditional

  1. Traditional straights:
    - adjustments are a plausible treatment for a wide range of diseases
    - Believe in innate intelligence = criticism
    - Follow Palmer’s doctrine (subluxations cause/contribute to most disease)
    - Use only spinal or joint manipulations to cure every sort of disease (no heat)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Chiropractic Mixers

A
  • majority of chiropractors
  • Believe that disease is caused by pathogens
  • Subluxations cause lower resistance to disease or cause neurological imbalance
  • Use spinal adjustments + other adjuncts (heat, light, vitamins, physical/mechanical adjustments)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

reform chiropractic

A
  • Offshoot of mixers
  • Considered most biomedical of group
  • Rejected Palmer philosophy, avoiding alternative medicine
  • Chiropractic care only for musculoskeletal disorders
  • Did not believe spinal joint dysfunction is the cause of disease = did not focus on subluxations only
  • Aimed to create “orthopractic group” = failed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Vaccination

A

Historically opposed to vaccination and water fluoridation

  • belief that all diseases were traceable to causes in the spine, and therefore could not be affected by vaccines
  • body is conditioned to fight off disease and that vaccines may be lulling people into a “false sense of security

Many do not promote the use or nonuse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Fluoridation

A

more controversial

Many countries rejecting because they believe drinking water is not the appropriate vehicle for delivering medication
- believe ingesting is less effective than topical application

Known toxic effects
- Children developing dental fluorosis, discolored teeth
- before units filtered out fluoride, people on dialysis were developing bone disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

_______ are a major diagnostic tool for chiropractors

A

X-rays

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Diagnosis

A

○ X-rays are a major diagnostic tool
○ Physical examination of injured area
○ History is taken
Treatment plan formulated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Chiropractic Techniques

A
  1. Basic Chiropractic Adjustments
  2. Thompson Chiropractic Technique
  3. Cox Flexion/Distraction Chiropractic Technique
  4. Gonstead Chiropractic Technique
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q
  1. Basic Chiropractic Adjustments
A

= most common

*Velocity (high or low speed)
*Force (high or low)
*Lever (short or long)
*Recoil

= Most used = high velocity, short lever, low force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q
  1. Thompson Chiropractic Technique
A

AKA drop-table technique

  • Analyzing the length of the leg and using a drop table for adjustment
  • Gentle thrust is applied to joints, setting drop table into motion
    *high velocity, low force
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q
  1. Cox Flexion/Distraction Chiropractic Technique
A
  • Restore range in motion in joints and muscles
  • Uses special table that flexes and bends various joints
  • Restore herniated discs, reduce headaches, and improve posture
    *Low velocity, low force

**uses activator sometimes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q
  1. Gonstead Chiropractic Technique
A
  • Application of different levels of pressure to address subluxations
  • Increase muscle and joint mobility
  • Short lever, high velocity, low force
  • Use different types of tables and often patient is sitting up
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Chiropractic Activator

A
  • Mechanical chiropractic aid
  • Small tool that delivers a light and measured force to correct a misalignment
  • Gently and painlessly moves the vertebrae
24
Q

Adjuncts

A
  • massage therapy
  • Active release technique (ART)
  • Dry needling
  • Hydrotherapy and heat therapy
  • Cold therapy
  • Immobilization therapies
  • Electrotherapy
  • Galvanic stimulation
  • Radiofrequency rhizotomy
  • Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)
  • Interferential current (IFC)
  • Ultrasound
  • Diet and nutrition counseling
25
Q

Contraindications to having chiropractic adjustment

A
  • advanced osteoporosis
  • bleeding abnormalities or being on anticoagulants
  • having spinal malignancy/other spinal inflammatory disease
26
Q

Adverse Effects

A

temporary headaches, tiredness, or local discomfort

Although rare, some serious side effects have occurred
- Upper spinal manipulation could cause arterial dissection and stroke
- lower spinal manipulation could cause cauda equina syndrome

27
Q

Training of the Doctors of Chiropractic (DC)

A
  1. Undergraduate Bachelor’s Degree (3 years, emphasis in science courses)
  2. Graduate Dr of Chiropractic Degree
  3. National Board Exam
    - Canadian Chiropractic Examining Board (CCEB)
  4. Register with Region’s Board
28
Q

Critics’ Thoughts

A

subluxation and spinal manipulation are not based on sound science

29
Q

Pros of Chiropractic care

A
  • Effective for back and neck pain
    • Decrease frequency of headaches
    • Does not require drugs
    • Considered a natural treatment
      Chiropractors can develop close relationship with patients
30
Q

Cons

A
  • stem from those chiropractors who adhere to a philosophy that spinal manipulation can cure diseases
  • not been scientifically proven and could deter people from seeking medical advice
31
Q

Massage therapy

A

manipulating soft tissue and muscles using a variety of physical methods, including applying fixed or moveable pressure, holding, vibrating, rocking, applying friction, kneading and compressing, and/or causing movement to the body

32
Q

T of F: massage therapy includes therapies such as healing touch (Therapeutic Touch), Reiki, acupressure, and reflexology

A

F: excludes, uses touch

33
Q

Origins of Massage

A

Hippocrates (460-370 BCE)
- Reported that anatripsis (act of rubbing up) was most effective for massage

Per Henrik Ling (17761839)
- Developed the Swedish massage and Swedish gymnastics
- Swedish Gymnastics Included calisthenics, stretching, and massage
- Physiotherapy was based on these methods

1970s - movement to establish massage as a treatment for stress and maintain health outside medical practice

34
Q

Massage therapists are not allowed to:

A
  • diagnose conditions
  • prescribe drugs
  • conduct spinal or joint manipulation
35
Q

Western vs Eastern massage

A
  1. Western:
    - tend to focus on stretching and are more soothing and calming
    - addresses the body through anatomy, physiology and pathology
    (Swedish, myofascial, esalen, holistic)
  2. Eastern: use direct and focused pressure and are more stimulating
    - based on energy flow and balance between mind and body
    - massage used to help Qi flow through body
    (ayurvedic, tuina, lomi lomi, shiatsu)
36
Q

Western

A

a) Swedish Massage
- firm but gentle pressure to promote relaxation, ease muscle tension, and create other types of health benefits
- May include deep tissue massage: deeper pressure on specific areas of muscle tension

b) Esalen massage
- Developed in California; done near cliffside natural geothermal (hot) springs
- If not at the Institute, incorporates the sound of waves in the background, and if not close to water, uses recordings of waves breaking onto a beach or rocks
- ocean provides a slow-moving rhythm said to be similar to the internal rhythm of our bodies
- wellness/stress management type of massage

c) Holistic massage
- Claims to deal with the person as a whole
- attempt to address the underlying cause of the symptoms
- client completes a detailed health history; what they have eaten and eliminated
- Kneading strokes on tight muscles to aid lymphatic drainage

37
Q

Eastern

A

a) Ayurvedic massage
- Uses mat not table
- provide relaxation, help circulation, and rid the body of toxins
- based on the Ayurvedic doshas and marmas (pressure points)
- Using Ayurvedic massage oils

b) Tuina
- Bodywork therapy using the theory of the flow of chi through meridians
- Chi flow is increased and allows body to heal itself
- uses hand techniques that massage soft tissues, muscles, and tendons, and uses acupressure to directly move the flow of chi

c) Lomi lomi
- Hawaiian massage therapy
- Increases energy flow in body
- Hawaiian healing philosophy: Huna = everything seeks harmony and love

d) Shiatsu
- Gain relaxation
- Acupressure techniques to unblock meridian points where chi energy is blocked
- Client has to change positions during massage
- Watsu: form of shiatsu given in therapeutic pool of water

38
Q

Massage techniques

A
  • Effleurage
  • Petrissage
  • Percussion
  • Tapotement
  • Static pressure
  • Deep sustained pressure
  • cat stroking
  • fan stroking
39
Q

effleurage vs petrissage

A

Effleurage: stroke that can blend all strokes
- hands are placed across the body with fingers together and thumbs slightly stretched
- stroke should be smooth, initially without pressure

Petrissage: kneading using the whole hand, with fingers together and thumbs outstretched so that the rounder contours of the body are squeezed

40
Q

percussion vs tapotement

A

Percussion: lightly striking the body using different parts of the hands, keeping the wrists loose
- begin slowly and increase to moderate speed, then build to a crescendo and stop abruptly

Tapotement: tapping the body or face
done by cupping, hacking, and pinching

41
Q

static pressure vs deep sustained pressure

A

Static pressure: good for releasing tension in the neck, shoulders, back, and feet
- thumbs are placed on the skin and the therapist leans into them, increasing the pressure

Deep sustained pressure: full length of the sausage-shaped muscles on either side of the spine

42
Q

cat stroking vs fan stroking

A

Cat stroking: placing hands at the top of the area that is being massaged and, with very light pressure, gliding the hands down the body

Fan stroking: placing hands palm side down and smoothly sliding upwards by leaning into it with a straight back
– Fingers fanned on both sides, slowly releasing pressure

43
Q

Training of a Massage Therapist

A
  1. high school diploma
  2. massage therapy program
  3. complete required training hours
  4. mandatory certification examination
    (college of massage therapists of Ontario = CMTO)
44
Q

Benefits of massage

A
  • eliminate waste products such as lactic acid from overworked muscles
  • improve circulation, bringing fresh oxygen to body tissues
  • stimulate the lymph system to rid the body of toxins
  • enhance a sense of well-being
  • reduce stress
  • improve mood and sleep patterns
  • decrease lower back pain
  • increase range of motion
45
Q

What does research show?
*geriatric massage
*infant massage
*pregnancy massage
*reasons for massage
*back pain

A

*geriatric massage
- age-related illness (Parkinson’s, arthritis, diabetes) benefit due to improved circulation of lymphatic fluid
- touch may aid with depression, loneliness, isolation
- improves mobility and stiffness

*infant massage
- sleep better, cry less, less stress
- nothing on physical attributes or social/mental development
- helps bonding
- satisfaction among caregivers

*pregnancy massage
- conducted by someone trained in pregnancy massage to avoid pressure points causing uterine contractions
- relaxing anxiety, relieving back pain, promoting sleep, relieving edema

*reasons for massage
*back pain

46
Q

reflexology

A

form of massage that involves applying pressure to points on the feet, hands, and ears

47
Q

in relfexology, body is divided into ____ energy loops that start at and then return to the ____ and _______

A

10
hands and feet

	○ By stimulating the origins of these loops pressure will cause a response in any of the organs found within particular loop
48
Q

Pressure on certain points of the feet, hands, and ears are thought to heal parts of the body that correspond to the

A

pressure points

49
Q

origins

A

17th century: tribes practiced zone therapy or reflexology to cure themselves of various diseases

1900 - William Fitzgerald - introduced zone therapy to the United States

50
Q

zone therapy

A

the body is divided into 10 vertical zones, running from the tips of the toes to the top of the head

51
Q

Eunice Ingham

A

renamed zone therapy as “reflexology” and mapped out the feet’s reflex zones in charts

discovered that applying pressure to reflex points could have a much wider effect on the body than just pain relief

52
Q

T or F: Reflexology is a gentle, non-invasive technique with no known side effects

A

T

53
Q

T or F: oil is used in feet reflexology

A

F: Oil is not used, instead a light dusting of talcum powder on foot

54
Q

what does it mean when reflexologist feels tiny crystals under the skin and will record those on a piece of paper

A

= particular area of body needing special attention

55
Q

Becoming a Reflexologist

A

There are no licensing laws requiring special reflexology training, but it may allow a practitioner to be more effective

Massage therapists receive some reflexology training

56
Q

future of reflexology; most favorably received among ________ ________, ________ ________, and ________ profession

A

physical therapists, massage therapists, and the nursing profession

HS 3025 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions