manipulation and improvement of memory Flashcards
recall
- 4
- measure of retention
- retrieving stored information using few or no cues for assistance
free recall
- 2
- measure of retention
- recalling information from memory in any order with no cues for assistance
serial recall
- 3
- measure of retention
- recalling information from memory in order sequence in which it was learnt, with no cues for assistance
cued recall
- 1
- measure of retention
- recalling information from memory with some cues or hints for assistance
recognition
- measure of retention
- identifying previously learnt information from a list or group of alternatives
distracter
-a false item, similar to the correct item, that is included with items to be recognised and can lead to unreliable identification
relearning
- MOST SENSATIVE MEASURE OF RETENTION
- measure of retention
- learning information that has been previously learnt and stored in LTM as a means of assessing whether any information was retained from the original learning
savings score
-formula that calculates the percentage of information retained from original learning after relearning has occurred
savings score = time/trials for original learning - time/trials for relearning
DIVIDED BY
time/trials for original learning
MULTIPLIED BY 100
encoding specificity principle
-the more closely retrieval cues match the original learning conditions, the greater the chance of recalling information
context dependent cues
- aid retrieval by recalling information in the same place or setting i.e environment in which the information therefore physical landmarks, sounds and smells act as cues for retrieving the memory
- e.g sitting an exam in the classroom you learn the info in
imagery
- a mental representation, or mental picture of an item or scene
state dependent cues
-retrieval cues associated with your internal physiological and/or psychological state at the time the memory was formed
PHYSIOLOCAL - drinking water
PSYCHOLOGICAL - associating a song with a happy mood
mnemonic device
- a system or technique that aids memory retention
- acronyms, acrostics narrative chaining
mental association
-creating a meaningful connection between information to be learnt and information already stored in memory
narrative chaining
a mnemonic device that involves linking unrelated items to create a story-like sequence of events
acronym
- mnemonic device
- constructing a pronounceable word using the first letter of each word of the information to be recalled
e. g ANZAC (Australian and New Zealand army corps)
acrostic
- mnemonic device
- constructing phrase of sentence from words that begin with the fist letter of each words of the information to be recalled
- e.g Never Eat Soggy Wheatbix (NSEW)
memory reconstruction
- remembering past events and features of these events and putting them together during memory reconstruction
- can be influenced by our expectations, beliefs, experiences, ideals and mood especially in times of stress
- high levels of GLUCORDIDS can impair the accuracy of episodic memories and lead to false memories
schema
- a preconceived idea that represents an aspect of the world or the things in it, influenced by culture and experience
- research has found that individuals fit new memories into their existing knowledge and personal experience (their schema) leading to inaccurate reconstruction of memory
eye witness testimony
-can be influenced by learning questions and language use
Elizabeth Loftus
- her research has found that:
- when asked leading questions such as “did you see the school bus” participants were more likely to report seeing a school bus a week later compared to those who were not asked the leading question
- emotive language such as ‘car smash’ as opposed ‘car crash’ will result in an increase of reported damage to the scene of the crime
