Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

genetics, evolution and ecosystems > manipulating genomes > Flashcards

manipulating genomes Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the steps in sanger sequencing?

A

1) create copies of the sequence
- heat to separate the strands
- cut into fragments
- create copies
2) create complementary strands to fragments
- mixture of DNA fragments and: nucleotides, terminating nucleotides, primers, DNA polymerase
- polymerase uses primers to attach to fragments
- nucleotides added until a terminator is added as terminator cant form phosphodiester bonds as it lacks and OH group
3) analyse complementary fragments
- separate with gel electrophoresis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

which method is better than sanger sequencing and why?

A

high-throughput
- cheaper
- automated
- rapid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the benefits of DNA sequencing?

A
  • genome-wide comparisons between individuals and species to reveal how related they are
  • predict amino acid sequence of genes to reveal tertiary structure of proteins
  • useful for synthetic biology to develop new drugs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what three molecules does gel electrophoresis separate?

A
  • DNA
  • RNA
  • proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how does gel electrophoresis work?

A
  • put a line of wells in agar gel
  • submerse in buffer solution
  • place a -ve electrode at the end with the wells and a +ve electrode at the opposite end
  • the lighter the DNA segment the closer to the +ve electrode it will be
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is gel electrophoresis used for?

A
  • genome sequencing
  • DNA profiling
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is genetic engineering?

A

isolating a gene from one organism and placing into another organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

why does genetic engineering work?

A

genetic code is universal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the uses of genetic engineering?

A
  • gene therapy
  • modify plants
  • modify pathogens (carry medicines)
  • pharming
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is pharming?

A
  • animal DNA is altered to produce human proteins for medicine
  • testing drugs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what does PCR do?

A

rapidly produce millions of copies of DNA segments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the PCR method?

A
  • requires a thermal cycler and primers
  • 95 degrees to separate DNA strands by breaking hydrogen bonds
  • 55 degrees for primers to bind to the ends of the strand
  • 75 degrees so TAQ polymerase can add bases to the strands so there are 2 of the starting DNA strand
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the three main steps in pcr?

A
  • denaturing
  • annealing
  • synthesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how does the enzyme structure of an extremophile differ to regular enzymes?

A

more disulphide bridges on the inside away from the heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

why is TAQ polymerase used in pcr?

A
  • obtained from bacteria in hydrothermal vents so can withstand high temps without denaturing
  • PCR can be cycled repeatedly without stopping to replace enzymes
17
Q

how do we isolate the desired gene in genetic engineering?

A
  • restriction endonuclease recognises specific sequences in DNA and cuts strand
  • covalent, phosphodiester and hydrogen bonds are hydrolysed
  • sticky ends form on the gene
18
Q

what are sticky ends?

A

ends of a gene that have the ability to form hydrogen bonds with complementary bases

19
Q

how is recombinant DNA formed in genetic engineering?

A
  • a vector (usually a plasmid) is cut with same restriction endonuclease as the gene and leaves more sticky ends
  • DNA ligase is used to reform phosphodiester bonds
20
Q

how is modified plasmid inserted into host in genetic engineering?

A
  • electroporation which temporarily disrupts cell wall/membrane
  • microprojectile gene gun
  • Ca2+ and heat which temporarily disrupts cell wall
  • liposomes which enter cell by endocytosis
21
Q

what is replica plating?

A
  • transfer technique that may be used to produce multiple copies of a particular colonial arrangement on a number of agar plates
  • with this technique, cells from bacterial colonies can be transferred from one plate (a master copy or template) to several new plates, and the relative arrangement of the colonies remains fixed
22
Q

what are the advantages of genetic engineering?

A
  • prevent and fight disease
  • vaccines
  • gene therapy
  • reproductive technologies
23
Q

what are the disadvantages to genetic engineering?

A
  • long terms effects not known
  • embryo use could be classed as murder
  • animal exploitation
  • costly and time consuming
24
Q

what is xenotransplantation?

A

the process of grafting or transplanting organs or tissues between members of different species

25
Q

what is gene therapy?

A

modification of genes to treat symptoms of and (in the future) cure disease

26
Q

what are the pros and cons of pest resistance in GM plants?

A
  • reduction in pesticide use so less harm to other species
  • non-pests might be affected by toxins inside the plant
27
Q

what are the pros and cons of disease resistance in GM plants?

A
  • reduction in crop losses and increase in yield
  • genes might transfer and create a superweed
28
Q

what are the pros and cons of herbicide resistance?

A
  • reduce competition from weeds
  • reduced biodiversity
29
Q

what are the differences between germ line and somatic cell therapy?

A
  • somatic cell modifications are noninheritable while germline mutations can be passed on to offspring
  • somatic therapies target genes in specific types of cells while germline modifications alter the genes in all the resultant person’s cells
  • somatic therapy can target specific tissues but germ line cannot
30
Q

how can DNA be visualised after electrophoresis?

A

fluorescent tags which can be seen with UV light

31
Q

why are proteins heated before being placed in electrophoresis gel?

A

denatures and unfolds the protein so charges from the inside are exposed

32
Q

why is important for negative SDS to bind to proteins before protein electrophoresis?

A
  • proteins have different charges
  • SDS makes them all negative
  • all move in the same direction
33
Q

how might the field of bioinformatics be useful in determining whether a newly sequenced allele causes a genetic disease?

A
  • base sequence of normal alleles and known alternatives held in database
  • computational analysis allows rapid comparison of sequences with the newly sequenced allele
34
Q

why are only selected sections of non coding DNA used when profiling a human?

A
  • most genes in humans are the same
  • using coding DNA would not provide unique profiles
  • parts of non-coding sequences contain variable numbers of repeating sequences
35
Q

what is the name given to the newest methods of rapid sequencing, such as nanopore sequencing, which do not involve electrophoresis?

A

next generation sequencing

36
Q

what is transformation?

A

process in which a plasmid is added to a host cell

37
Q

what are the issues with transformation?

A
  • plasmids will rejoin without incorporating a DNA fragment
  • DNA fragments will join to eachother rather than a plasmid
  • bacteria wont take up a recombinant plasmid
38
Q

what would a scientist add to a plasmid to identify whether a DNA fragment has been incorporated into the plasmid?

A

marker gene eg fluorescence

genetics, evolution and ecosystems (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions