Maneuvers

Question 1

Describe a normal takeoff and climb.

Answer 1

A normal takeoff and climb procedure is one in which the airplane is headed directly into the wind or the wind is very light, and the takeoff surface is firm with no obstructions along the takeoff path, and is of sufficient length to permit the airplane to gradually accelerate to normal climbing speed.

Question 2

Discuss the importance of a thorough knowledge of normal takeoff and climb principles and procedures.

Answer 2

A thorough knowledge of takeoff and climb principles, both in theory and practice, will prove to be of great value throughout the pilot’s career. It often may prevent an attempt to takeoff under critical conditions that would require performance beyond the capability of the airplane or skill of the pilot. The takeoff itself, though relatively simple, often presents the most hazards of any part of a flight.

Question 3

What are the steps of the normal takeoff roll?

Answer 3

1. Align the airplane with the runway centerline;
2. Apply throttle smoothly and continuously to maximum allowable power;
3. Maintain directional control with rudder; slight rudder pressure will be required to compensate for torque;
4. Glance at the engine instruments for any sign of malfunction.

Question 4

What are the steps of the normal takeoff liftoff?

Answer 4

1. As soon as all flight controls become effective during the takeoff roll, back pressure should be applied gradually to lift the nose wheel off the runway (rotation);
2. Adjust and maintain liftoff attitude for Vy.
3. Keep the wings level and establish an initial heading;

Question 5

What are the steps of the initial climb during a normal takeoff?

Answer 5

1. Establish pitch attitude for Vy;
2. Trim aircraft for appropriate speed;
3. Adjust heading to maintain track of extended runway centerline;
4. Maintain takeoff power until 500’ AGL above surrounding terrain;

Question 6

What are the standards expected of a student for normal takeoff and climb?

Answer 6

1. Utilizes procedures before taxiing onto the runway to ensure runway incursion avoidance;
2. Shows knowledge of the elements related to normal and crosswind takeoff, climb operations, and rejected takeoff procedures.
3. Determines wind direction with or without visible wind direction indicators.
4. Calculates/determines if crosswind component is above pilot’s ability.
5. Positions flight controls for existing wind conditions.
6. Clears the area, taxies onto the runway, and aligns the airplane on the runway centerline;
7. Advances the throttle smoothly to takeoff power;
8. Rotates and lifts off at the recommended airspeed and accelerates to Vy;
9. Establishes a pitch attitude that will maintain Vy (+-5)(+10/-5) knots.
10. Retracts the landing gear if appropriate, and flaps after a positive rate of climb is established.
11. Maintains takeoff power and Vy (+-5)(+10/-5) knots to a safe maneuvering altitude.
12. Maintains directional control, proper wind-drift correction throughout the takeoff and climb.
13. Complies with noise abatement procedures.
14. Completes appropriate checklists.

Question 7

What are common errors students make when performing normal takeoffs and climbs?

Answer 7

1. Improper runway incursion avoidance procedures;
2. Improper use of controls during a normal takeoff;
3. Improper lift-off procedures;
4. Improper climb attitude, power setting, and airspeed (Vy);
5. Improper use of checklist;

Question 8

What are the common errors associated with normal takeoff and climb, and improper runway incursion avoidance procedures?

Answer 8

1. Failure to adequately clear the area prior to taxiing into position on the active runway;
2. Does not check for traffic before crossing a runway hold line and before entering a taxiway;
3. Does not read back runway crossing and hold short instructions;
4. Unfamiliar with airport signage/markings;

Question 9

What are common errors associated with normal takeoff and climb, and improper use of controls during a normal takeoff?

Answer 9

1. Failure to check engine instruments for signs of malfunction after applying takeoff power;
2. Flaps not set as recommended;
3. Improper power application - abrupt use of throttle or not applying full power;
4. Poor directional control - not correcting for torque effect; overcorrecting for torque effect;

Question 10

What are common errors associated with normal takeoff and climb, and improper lift-off procedures?

Answer 10

1. Relying solely on the ASI rather than feel for indications of speed and airplane controllability during acceleration and lift-off;
2. Failure to attain proper lift-off attitude - allowing the takeoff roll to continue, causing the airplane to remain on the runway too long;
3. Forcing airplane off the runway - too much pitch attitude too soon; airplane lifts off at too slow an airspeed causing it to settle back to the runway;

Question 11

What are common errors associated with normal takeoff and climb, and improper climb attitude, power setting, and airspeed?

Answer 11

1. Inadequate compensation for torque/P-factor during initial climb resulting in a sideslip;
2. Over-control of elevators during initial climb out;
3. Limiting scan to areas directly ahead of the airplane (pitch attitude and direction), resulting in allowing a wing (usually the left) to drop immediately after lift-off;
4. Failure to attain/maintain best rate-of-climb airspeed (Vy);
5. Failure to employ the principles of attitude flying during climb-out, resulting in “chasing” the ASI;
6. Not retracting flaps/gear as appropriate;
7. Drift during climb - allowing airplane to drift away from runway extended centerline; not clearing area directly in front of aircraft during climb;

Question 12

What are common errors associated with normal takeoff and climb, and improper use of checklist?

Answer 12

1. Does not use checklist consistently;

2. Fails to complete checklist at the appropriate time;

Question 13

Describe a crosswind takeoff and climb.

Answer 13

A crosswind takeoff is a takeoff performed when the wind direction is from other than directly in front of the airplane.

Question 14

Discuss the importance of knowing crosswind takeoff and climb principles and techniques.

Answer 14

While it is usually preferable to take off directly into the wind whenever possible or practical, there will be many instances when circumstances or wisdom will indicate otherwise. Consequently, the pilot must be familiar with the principles and techniques involved in crosswind takeoffs as well as those for normal takeoffs.

Question 15

What are the principles and procedures involved in a crosswind takeoff and climb (ground roll).

Answer 15

1. Taxi into takeoff position and check strength and direction of wind.
2. Start takeoff roll with full aileron deflection into the wind.
3. As the forward speed of the airplane increases and the crosswind becomes more and more of a relative headwind, the mechanical holding of full aileron into the wind should be reduced.

Question 16

What are the principles and procedures involved in a crosswind takeoff and climb (Liftoff).

Answer 16

1. If a significant crosswind exists, the main wheels should be held on the ground slightly longer than in a normal takeoff so that a smooth but very definite liftoff can be made.
2. As both main wheels leave the runway, adequate drift correction must be maintained by the pilot or the airplane will slowly be carried sideways with the wind.

Question 17

What are the principles and procedures involved in a crosswind takeoff and climb (Initial Climb).

Answer 17

1. If proper correction is being applied, as soon as the airplane becomes airborne it will be slipping into the wind sufficiently to counteract the drifting effect of the wind.
2. This slipping should be continued until the airplane has climbed well above the ground. At that time the airplane should be headed toward the wind to establish just enough “crab” to counteract the wind and then the wings rolled level.
3. The climb while in this crab should be continued so as to follow a ground track aligned with the runway direction.

Question 18

What are the standards expected of a student for a crosswind takeoff and climb?

Answer 18

1. Utilizes procedures before taxiing onto the runway to ensure runway incursion avoidance;
2. Shows knowledge of the elements related to normal and crosswind takeoff, climb operations, and rejected takeoff procedures.
3. Determines wind direction with or without visible wind direction indicators.
4. Calculates/determines if crosswind component is above pilot’s ability.
5. Positions flight controls for existing wind conditions.
6. Clears the area, taxies onto the runway, and aligns the airplane on the runway centerline;
7. Advances the throttle smoothly to takeoff power;
8. Rotates and lifts off at the recommended airspeed and accelerates to Vy;
9. Establishes a pitch attitude that will maintain Vy (+-5)(+10/-5) knots.
10. Retracts the landing gear if appropriate, and flaps after a positive rate of climb is established.
11. Maintains takeoff power and Vy (+-5)(+10/-5) knots to a safe maneuvering altitude.
12. Maintains directional control, proper wind-drift correction throughout the takeoff and climb.
13. Complies with noise abatement procedures.
14. Completes appropriate checklists.

Question 19

What are the common errors students make when performing crosswind takeoffs and climbs? (Name the five)

Answer 19

1. Improper runway incursion avoidance procedures.
2. Improper use of controls during a crosswind takeoff.
3. Improper lift-off procedures.
4. Improper climb attitude, power setting, and airspeed.
5. Improper use of checklist.

Question 20

What are the common errors students make when performing crosswind takeoffs and climbs (Improper runway incursion avoidance procedures)?

Answer 20

1. Failure to adequately clear the area prior to taxiing into position on the active runway;
2. Does not check for traffic before crossing a runway hold line and before entering a taxiway;
3. Does not read back runway crossing and hold short instructions;
4. Unfamiliar with airport signage/markings;

Question 21

What are the common errors students make when performing crosswind takeoffs and climbs (Improper use of controls during a crosswind takeoff)?

Answer 21

1. Failure to check engine instruments for signs of malfunction after applying takeoff power;
2. Flaps not set as recommended;
3. Using less than full aileron pressure into the wind initially on the takeoff roll.
4. Mechanical use of aileron control rather than sensing the need for varying aileron control input through feel for the airplane; as speed increases aileron deflection should be reduced.
5. Improper power application - abrupt use of throttle or not applying full power;
6. Poor directional control - not correcting for torque effect; overcorrecting for torque effect;

Question 22

What are the common errors students make when performing crosswind takeoffs and climbs (Improper lift-off procedures)?

Answer 22

1. Relying solely on the ASI rather than feel for indications of speed and airplane controllability during acceleration and lift-off;
2. Failure to attain proper lift-off attitude - allowing the takeoff roll to continue, causing the airplane to remain on the runway too long;
3. Premature lift-off resulting in side-skipping – airplane lifts off at too slow an airspeed, causing it to settle back to the runway while drifting sideways.
4. Allowing the upwind wing to rise prematurely on lift-off causing airplane to skip sideways.
5. Excessive aileron input in the latter stage of the takeoff roll resulting in a steep bank into the wind at lift-off.

Question 23

What are the common errors students make when performing crosswind takeoffs and climbs (Improper climb attitude, power setting, and airspeed)?

Answer 23

1. Inadequate compensation for torque/P-factor during initial climb resulting in a sideslip;
2. Over-control of elevators during initial climb out;
3. Limiting scan to areas directly ahead of the airplane (pitch attitude and direction), resulting in allowing a wing (usually the left) to drop immediately after lift-off;
4. Failure to attain/maintain best rate-of-climb airspeed (Vy);
5. Failure to employ the principles of attitude flying during climb-out, resulting in “chasing” the ASI;
6. Not retracting flaps/gear as appropriate;
7. Drift during climb - allowing airplane to drift away from runway extended centerline; not clearing area directly in front of aircraft during climb;

Question 24

What are the common errors students make when performing crosswind takeoffs and climbs (Improper use of checklist)?

Answer 24

1. Does not use checklist consistently.

2. Fails to complete checklist at the appropriate time.

Question 25

What is the purpose of short-field takeoff and climb procedures?

Answer 25

As the name implies, short-field takeoff procedures are used when an airplane must be operated out of an area with either a short runway or the available takeoff area is restricted by obstructions.

Question 26

Why is it important that a pilot be familiar with short-field takeoff procedures?

Answer 26

A takeoff and climb from a field where the takeoff area is short or the available takeoff area is restricted by obstructions, requires that the pilot operate the airplane at the limit of its takeoff performance capabilities. The pilot must exercise positive and precise control of the airplane attitude and airspeed so that takeoff and climb performance results in the shortest ground roll and the steepest angle of climb.

Question 27

Describe the short-field takeoff and climb procedures.

Answer 27

1. Set flaps as recommended by manufacturer (10).
2. Taxi onto runway using all available runway length.
3. Apply brakes while applying max power.
4. Check all engine instruments in the green and release brakes.
5. Accelerate to rotation speed.
6. On liftoff, adjust pitch attitude for Vx until obstacles cleared or if no obstacles an altitude at least 50’ AGL is obtained.
7. Retract flaps and gear when well clear of obstacles and best rate-of-climb has been established.

Question 28

What are the standards expected of a student for short-field takeoff & climb?

Answer 28

1. Utilizes procedures before taxiing onto the runway or takeoff areas to ensure runway incursion avoidance.
2. Shows knowledge of the elements related to a short-field takeoff and maximum performance climb.
3. Positions the flight controls for the existing wind conditions, sets flaps as recommended.
4. Clears the area; taxies into takeoff position using maximum available takeoff area and aligns the airplane on the runway center/takeoff path.
5. Applies brakes while advancing the throttle smoothly to takeoff power.
6. Rotates and lifts off at the recommended airspeed, and accelerates to recommended obstacle clearance airspeed, or Vx.
7. Establishes a pitch attitude that will maintain the recommended obstacle clearance airspeed, or Vx, (+5/-0)(+10/-5), until the obstacle is cleared, or until the airplane is 50 feet above the surface.
8. After clearing the obstacle, establishes the pitch attitude for Vy, accelerates to Vy, and maintains Vy, +-5 knots, during the climb.
9. Retracts the flaps after clear of any obstacles.
10. Maintains directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout the takeoff and climb.
11. Completes appropriate checklist.

Question 29

Name the common errors associated with short-field takeoff and climb.

Answer 29

1. Improper runway incursion avoidance procedures.
2. Improper use of controls during short-field takeoff.
3. Improper lift-off procedures.
4. Improper initial climb attitude, power setting, and airspeed to clear obstacle.
5. Improper use of checklist.

Question 30

Name the common errors associated with short-field takeoff and climb (improper runway incursion avoidance procedures).

Answer 30

1. Failure to adequately clear the area prior to taxiing into position on the active runway;
2. Does not check for traffic before crossing a runway hold line and before entering a taxiway;
3. Does not read back runway crossing and hold short instructions;
4. Unfamiliar with airport signage/markings;

Question 31

Name the common errors associated with short-field takeoff and climb (Improper use of controls).

Answer 31

1. Failure to check engine instruments for signs of malfunction after applying takeoff power.
2. Failure to utilize all available runway/takeoff area.
3. Failure to have the airplane properly trimmed prior to takeoff.
4. No initial aileron deflection for crosswind.
5. Flaps not set as recommended.
6. Improper power application - abrupt use of throttle or not applying full power.