Mandible, Inner Ear, Digestive and Biliary System and Positioning Flashcards
1
Q
Where is the large intestine located in hypersthenic habitus?
A
Positioned around periphery of abdomen and may require more images to show its entire length
2
Q
Patient position for AP oblique stomach and duodenum
A
Recumbent LPO demonstrates fundus portion of stomach
3
Q
Part position for axiolateral oblique (right or left) mandible/modified Law (TMJ)
A
Center 1/2 in (1.3 cm) anterior to EAM to IR and rest patient’s cheek on grid device
Rotate MSP of head approximately 15 degrees toward the IR
Adjust IPL perpendicular to IR
Adjust flexion of neck so AML is parallel with transverse axis of IR
4
Q
5 essential projections of the stomach and duodenum
A
PA PA oblique AP oblique Lateral (mediolateral) AP
5
Q
Opening where the esophagus joins the stomach at the esophagogastric junction
A
Cardiac orifice
6
Q
Hilum of the liver situated transversely between the two minor lobes
A
Porta hepatis
7
Q
Part position for PA or AP small intestine
A
For 30 min interval, center IR at level of L2
For delayed images, center IR at iliac crests
8
Q
Contraction waves by which digestive tube propels contents toward the rectum; three to four waves per min occur in the filled stomach
A
Peristalsis
9
Q
Musculomembranous tube that extends from the mouth to the anus
Regions vary in diameter according to functional requirements; greater part is about 29-30 ft (8.6-8.9 m) long and lies in the abdominal cavity
A
Alimentary canal
10
Q
Barium or other opaque contrast administered one of 3 ways for studies of small intestine
A
Orally (most common)
Reflux filling via large-volume barium enema
Enteroclysis
11
Q
Part position for PA mandible (rami)
A
Rest the patient’s forehead and nose on IR; adjust OML perpendicular to the plane to the plane of the IR
Adjust the head so that its MSP is perpendicular to the plane of the IR
12
Q
Expanded portion of the terminal esophagus which lies in the abdomen
A
Cardiac antrum
13
Q
Part of the duodenum of the small intestine that passes toward the left at a superior inclination for a distance of about 2 1/2 in (6 cm) and continues as the fourth portion on the left side of the vertebrae
A
Third/horizontal/inferior
14
Q
3 portions of the temporal bone
A
Mastoid = has air cells Squamous = thinnest Petrous = house organs of hearing and balance
15
Q
4 structures shown on AP stomach and duodenum
A
Well filled fundus area
Usually a double-contrast delineation of the body, pyloric portion and duodenum
Because of the elevation and superior displacement of the stomach, this projection afford the best AP projection of the retrogastric portion of the duodenum and jejunum
Shows the organ(s) involved and the location and extent of any gross hernial protrusion through the diaphragm
17
Q
Body of the stomach ends at a vertical plane passing through this notch
A
Angular notch
18
Q
Smaller, inferior part of the abdominopelvic cavity
Lies within margins of bony pelvis
Anatomists define “true” as that portion of the abdominopelvic cavity inferior to a plane passing thru the sacral promontory posteriorly and the superior surface of the pubic bones anteriorly
A
Pelvic cavity
19
Q
2 evaluation criteria for PA axial large intestine
A
Rectosigmoid area centered to image when a 10 x 12 in (24 x 30 cm) IR is used
Rectosigmoid area with less superimposition than in PA projection bc of angulation of CR
20
Q
Inferior to the diaphragm the esophagus curves sharply left, increases in diameter and joins the stomach at this junction which is at the level of the xiphoid tip (T11)
A
Esophagogastric junction
21
Q
Where is the stomach located in a hypersthenic body habitus?
A
Stomach is almost horizontal and high with its most dependent portion well above the umbilicus
22
Q
3 evaluation criteria for axiolateral oblique (right or left) mandible/modified Law (TMJ)
A
TMJ
Condyle lying in mandibular fossa in closed-mouth exam
Condyle lying inferior to the articular tubercle in the open-mouth projection if patient is normal & able to open mouth widely
24
Q
2 structures shown on AP/PA right lateral decubitus
A
Medial side of ascending colon
Left lateral side of descending colon
25
Q
Where is the esophagus located?
A
Lies in the MSP and originates at the level of the C6 or upper margin of the thyroid cartilage
Enters the thorax from the superior portion of the neck
In the thorax it passes through the mediastinum, anterior to the vertebral bodies and posterior to the trachea & heart
In the lower thorax it passes through the diaphragm at T10
26
Q
2 structures shown on PA mandible (rami)
A
Mandibular body
Rami
27
Curved, horizontal portion of the mandible
Body
28
Part of the large intestine that extends from the sigmoid colon to the anal canal
Approximately 6 in (15 cm) long & the distal portion, which is about 1 in (2.5 cm) long, is constricted to form the anal canal
Following the sacrococcygeal curve, it passes inferiorly and posteriorly to the level of the pelvic floor and bends sharply anteriorly and inferiorly into the anal canal which extends to the anus
Rectum
31
Left and inferior border of the stomach are marked by this curvature
Begins at the sharp angle at the esophagogastric junction (cardiac notch) and follows the superior curvature of the fundus and then the convex curvature of the body down the pylorus
4-5 times longer than the lesser curvature
Greater curvature
32
Sound-conducting canal
About 1 in (2.5 cm) long
Outer third of canal wall is cartilaginous and inner two thirds is osseous (bone)
From the meatal orifice, canal forms a slight curve as it passes medially and anteriorly in line with axis of the IAM
Ends at tympanic membrane of middle ear
External acoustic meatus (EAM)
33
2 collimations for AP stomach and duodenum
10 x 12 in (24 x 30 cm) for stomach
| 14 x 17 in (35 x 43 cm) for stomach and small bowel
34
2 structures shown on PA upright stomach and duodenum
Contour of barium-filled stomach and duodenal bulb
Size, shape and relative position of the filled stomach but doesn’t adequately show the unfilled fundic portion of the organ
35
6 component parts of the alimentary canal
```
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
```
36
Organ of hearing and balance
| Essential parts housed in petrous portion of temporal bone
Ear
38
First of the mastoid air cells to develop is situated at upper anterior part of the mastoid process
Quite large and communicates with tympanic cavity
Shortly before or after birth, smaller air cells begin to develop around this and continue to increase in number and size until around puberty
Air cells vary considerably in size and number; occasionally absent altogether, in which case the mastoid process is solid bone and usually small
Large air cavity situated in the temporal bone above the mastoid air cells and immediately behind posterior wall of middle ear
Mastoid antrum
39
Where the common bile duct and pancreatic duct unite
Hepatopancreatic ampulla
40
CR for AP/PA right or left lateral decubitus
Horizontal and perpendicular to IR and enters midline of body at level of iliac crests
41
Hepatopancreatic ampulla opens on the summit of the part of the duodenum
Greater duodenal papilla
42
What structure is shown on the AP axial large intestine?
Best shows the rectosigmoid area of the colon
43
Tympanic cavity communicates with nasopharynx through the these tubes
Passage by which air pressure is equalized with the pressure in the outside air passages
About 1 and 1/4 in (3 cm) long
From its entrance into the tympanic cavity, the tube passes medially and inferiorly to its orifice on the lateral wall of the nasopharynx
Auditory (eustachian) tubes
44
Part position for PA stomach and dueodenum
Center IR 1-2 in (2.5-5 cm) above lower rib margin (level of L1-L2); upright requires IR centered 3-6 in (7.6-15 cm) lower
45
CR for lateral esophagus
Enters patient on MCP at level of T5-T6 perpendicular to midpoint of IR
47
Situated between external and internal ear
Middle ear
49
3 main divisions organs of hearing and equilibrium consist of
External
Middle
Internal ear
51
Articulated to permit vibratory motion
Bridge middle ear cavity for transmission of sound vibrations from tympanic membrane to internal ear
Handle of malleus (outermost ossicle) attached to tympanic membrane) and head articulates with incus (central ossicle); head of stapes (innermost ossicle) articulates with incus and its base is fitted into oval window of inner ear
Auditory ossicles
52
Narrow, irregularly shaped, air-containing compartment/chamber that lies just posterior and medial to the mandibular fossa
Separated from external ear by tympanic membrane and from internal ear by bony labyrinth
Auditory (eustachian) tubes
Tympanic cavity
53
Space between the two layers of the peritoneum; because there are no mesenteric attachments of the intestines in the pelvic cavity, pelvic surgery can be performed without entry into this
Peritoneal cavity
54
2 patient positions for lateral stomach and duodenum
Recumbent right lateral demonstrates right retrogastric space, duodenal loop, duodenal bulb and duodenaojejunal junction
Upright left lateral demonstrates left retrogastric space
55
2 evaluation criteria of SMV of mandible
Condyles of mandible anterior to the pars petrosa
| Symphysis extending almost to the anterior border of face so that mandible isn’t foreshortened
56
CR for AP/PA oblique esophagus
Enters patient at 2 in (5 cm) lateral to MSP at level of T5 or T6 perpendicular to midpoint of IR
57
5 evaluation criteria for AP/PA oblique esophagus
Esophagus between the vertebrae and heart
Evidence of proper collimation
Esophagus from lower part of the neck to its entrance into the stomach
Esophagus filled with barium
Penetration of the barium
59
Outer rim of ear
Helix
60
4 parts of the large intestine
Cecum
Colon
Rectum
Anal canal
61
Part position of AP axial mandible (TMJ)
MSP and OML perpendicular
| One with mouth open and closed
62
Most fixed part of the small intestine and normally lies in the upper part of the umbilical region; however its position varies with body habitus and the amount of gastric and intestinal contents
Duodenal loop
63
CR for PA oblique large intestine
Perpendicular to IR and enters 1-2 in (2.5-5 cm) lateral to midline of body on elevated side at level of iliac crests
65
Patient position for AP oblique large intestine
35-45 degree LPO or RPO
LPO best demonstrates right colic flexure and ascending and sigmoid colon
RPO demonstrates left colic flexure and descending colon
66
Supplies oxygenated blood from the abdominal aorta, ends in capillaries that communicate with sinusoids
Hepatic artery
67
Contains the essential sensory apparatus of hearing and equilibrium and lies on the densest portion of petrous portion immediately below the arcuate eminence
From its cranial orifice, internal acoustic meatus (IAM) passes inferiorly and laterally for a distance of about 1/2 in (1.3 cm)
Through this canal the cochlear and vestibular nerves pass from their fibers in the respective parts of the membranous labyrinth to the brain
Internal ear
68
CR for AP axial mandible (TMJ)
35 degrees caudad, centered midway between TMJs and entering a point 3 in above nasion
71
CR for PA axial large intestine
Angled 30-40 degrees caudad, enters MSP at lever of ASIS
72
Lower three fifths of the small intestine; gathered into gyri and attached to the posterior wall of the abdomen by the mesentery that lie in the central and lower part of the abdominal cavity within the arch of the large intestine
Ileum
74
Where is the large intestine located in asthenic habitus?
Bunches together and positioned low in abdomen
76
CR for AP or PA esophagus
Perpendicular to midpoint of IR, usually at level or T5-T6
77
2 patient positions for AP stomach and duodenum
Supine
| Trendelenburg’s for demonstration of hiatal hernia
77
Structures shown on SMV of mandible
Cronoid and condyloid processes of the rami
79
Oval-shaped, fibrocartilaginous, sound-collecting organ situated on side of head
Auricle
80
2 evaluation for lateral esophagus
Patient’s arms not interfering with visualization of the proximal esophagus
Ribs posterior to the vertebrae superimposed to show the patient wasn’t rotated
81
Part position for axiolateral (right or left) mandible/Schuller (TMJ)
Center 1/2 in (1.3 cm) anterior to EAM to IR and place patient’s head in lateral position
MSP parallel, IPL perpendicular
One with mouth closed and open
82
3 distinctly shaped parts the bony labyrinth consists of
Cochlea
Vestibule
Semicircular canals
83
Thin-walled, more or less pear-shaped, musculomembranous sac with a capacity of approximately 2 oz
Usually lodged in a fossa on the visceral/inferior surface of the right lobe of the liver where it lies anteriorly
About 1 in (2.5 cm) in width at its widest part and 3-4 in (7.5-10 cm) long
Extends from the lower right margin of the porta hepatis to a variable distance below the anterior border of the liver
Gallbladder
84
Part position for PA oblique of stomach and duodenum
Midline of IR aligned with sagittal plane passing midway between vertebral column and lateral border of elevated side
IR centered to lower rib margin (level of L1-L2)
Adjust rotation to 40-70 degrees to demonstrate pyloric canal and duodenum in profile
85
Structure shown on AP oblique stomach and duodenum
Fundic portion of stomach
86
IR for AP or PA espohagus
Placed so that top is level with mouth
| 14 x 17 in (35 x 43 cm) lengthwise
87
Longest and most moveable part of the colon of the large intestine
Crosses the abdomen to the undersurface of the spleen
Transverse portion makes a sharp curve (left colic flexure) and ends in the descending portion
Transverse
88
Muscle that supports the duodenojejunal flexure
Suspensory muscle of the duodenum/ligament of Treitz
89
Inner portion of peritoneum positioned over or around the contained organs
Visceral peritoneum
90
6 evaluation criteria for AP or PA esophagus
Brightness and contrast sufficient to visualize the esophagus through the superimposed vertebrae
No rotation
Evidence of proper collimation
Esophagus from lower part of the neck to its entrance into the stomach
Esophagus filled with barium
Penetration of the barium
90
Convey the blood from the liver sinusoids to the inferior vena cava
Hepatic veins
91
6 essential projections of the large intestine
```
PA
PA axial
PA oblique RAO & LAO
Lateral
AP
AP axial
```
92
Section of stomach immediately surrounding the esophageal opening
Cardia
93
2 projections a two-way abdomen series requires
AP, supine
| AP, upright
94
4 regions of the duodenum of the small intestine
First/superior/duodenal bulb
Second/descending
Third/horizontal/inferior
Fourth/ascending
95
2 structures shown on lateral large intestine
Best shows the rectum
| Distal sigmoid portion of the colon
96
Patient position for lateral large intestine
Recumbent right or left lateral
97
CR for axiolateral and axiolateral oblique mandible
Directed 25 degrees cephalad to pass directly through the mandibular region of interest
98
Combination single and double-contrast during the same procedure
Biphasic exam
99
Minor lobe on the posterior surface of the medial side of the right lobe of the liver
Caudate lobe
100
CR for lateral right or left dorsal decubitus abdomen
Directed horizontal and perpendicular to center of IR, entering the midcoronal plane 2 in (5 cm) above the level of the iliac crests
101
Where is the gallbladder located in asthenic body habitus?
Low and near the spine
102
Part position for AP stomach and duodenum
Align midline of grid to MSP on 14 x 17 in (35 x 43 cm) IR
On 10 x 12 in (24 x 30 cm) IR, align midline of grid to sagittal plane passing midway between MSP and left lateral margin of abdomen
Center 10 x 12 in (24 x 30 cm) IR to level midway between xiphoid and lower rib margin
Center 14 x 17 in (35 x 43 cm) IR; may be adjusted to demonstrate more diaphragm or small bowel
103
Composed of an irregularly shaped bony shape chamber that houses internal ear and is an inter-communicating system of ducts and sacs known as membranous labyrinth
Bony labyrinth
104
What is the most common contrast for the alimentary canal?
Barium sulfate
105
Part position for the supine AP abdomen/KUB
Center IR at level of iliac crests and ensure pubic symphysis is included
106
CR for SMV of mandible
Perpendicular to the IOML and centered midway between the angles of the mandible
107
Part position for lateral stomach and duodenum
Align plane passing midway between MCP and anterior surface of abdomen to midline of grid
Center IR at level of L1-L2 for recumbent position, L3 for upright
108
Part of duodenum of small intestine that is 3-4 in (7.6-10 cm) long
Passes inferiorly along the head of the pancreas and in close relation to the undersurface of the liver
Second/descending
109
Collimation for PA stomach and duodenum
10 x 12 in (24 x 30 cm)
110
2 evaluation criteria for AP oblique stomach and duodenum
Fundic portion of stomach
| Body and pyloric antrum with double-contrast visualization
112
Part position for PA axial large intestine
MSP in midline, IR at level of iliac crests
113
Most anterior and central part of the mandible where left and right halves of mandible fuse
Symphysis
114
At what rate does the liver secrete bile?
Secretes bile at the rate of 1-3 pints (1/2-1 1/2 L) each day
115
2 structures shown on PA axial mandible (rami)
Mandibular body
| Rami
116
3 structures shown on lateral (right or left) abdomen
Pre vertebral space occupied by the abdominal aorta
Any intra-abdominal calcifications or tumor masses
Proper placement of AAA grafts to other vascular interventional devices
117
Part of the large intestine that terminates at the anus
Anal canal
118
3 parts the middle ear proper consists of
Tympanic membrane (eardrum)
Tympanic cavity
Auditory ossicles
119
2 structures shown on PA prone stomach and duodenum
Contour of barium-filled stomach and duodenal bulb
Stomach moves superiorly 1 1/2-4 in (3.8-10 cm) according to patient’s body habitus; at the same time the stomach spreads horizontally with comparable decrease in length (fundus usually fills in asthenic patients)
120
3 things the pelvic cavity contains
Rectum of sigmoid of large intestine
Urinary bladder
Reproductive organs
121
CR for lateral large intestine
Perpendicular to IR and enters MCP at level of ASIS
122
2 structures show on lateral right or left dorsal decubitus abdomen
Pre vertebral space
| Air-fluid levels
123
Food that has been mechanically and chemically altered in the stomach is transported to the duodenum
Chyme
124
2 large parts the abdominopelvic cavity consists of
Abdominal
| Pelvic cavity
125
Mucosa of small intestine contains a series of fingerlike projection which assist in the processes of digestion and absorption
Villi
126
2 structures shown on PA axial mandible (body)
Mandibular body
| TMJs
127
Part position for AP axial large intestine
MSP aligned to midline of grid and IR centered to 2 in (5 cm) above iliac crests
128
What is the primary function of the liver?
Primary consideration from the radiographic standpoint is the formation of bile
129
2 structures shown on PA oblique large intestine
RAO: best shows the right colic flexure, ascending portion of the colon and sigmoid portion of the colon
LAO: best shows the left colic flexure and descending portion of the colon
130
Patient position for PA oblique stomach and duodenum
Recumbent RAO position
131
Collimation for lateral stomach and duodenum
10 x 12 in (24 x 30 cm)
132
5 tissue structures used to determine effective technique for abdominal radiographic procedures
```
Lower liver border
Psoas muscle
Kidneys
Ribs
Transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae
```
133
CR for axiolateral oblique (right or left) mandible/modified Law (TMJ)
15 degrees caudad exiting through TMJ closer to IR
| Enters about 1/2 in (3.8 cm) superior to upside EAM
134
How long is food and water withheld before a GI/UGI series?
8-9 hours
135
What does a three-way abdomen or acute abdominal series demonstrate?
Demonstrates abdominal contents, presence of free air (pneumoperitoneum) and air-fluid levels
136
2 evaluation criteria PA axial mandible (body)
TMJs just inferior to the mastoid process
| Symmetric rami
137
2 parts the digestive system consists of
Accessory glands
| Alimentary canal
138
Liver divided into a large right lobe and much smaller left lobe here
Falciform ligament
139
2 minor lobes located on the medial side of the right lobe of the liver
Caudate lobe
| Quadrate lobe
140
3 projections a three-way abdomen or acute abdominal series consists of
AP, supine
AP, upright
PA chest
142
2 structures shown on AP axial mandible (TMJ)
Condyles of mandible
| Mandibular fossae of temporals
143
Where is the stomach located in a sthenic or hyposthenic body habitus?
Between the two extremes are the intermediate types of bodily habitus with corresponding variations in shape and position of the stomach; habitus of 85% of the population
144
Superior portion of the stomach the expands superior and fills the dome of the left hemidiaphragm
Fundus
147
Spiral-coiled, tubular part which communicates with middle ear through the membranous covering of the round window; used for hearing
Cochlea
149
2 parts the external ear consists of
Auricle
| External acoustic meatus (EAM)
150
Distal to the vertical plane of the body of the stomach is this portion which consists of the pyloric antrum and pyloric canal
Pyloric canal
151
Part position for PA axial stomach and duodenum
For sthenic patients center IR at level of L2 which lies about 1-2 in (2.5-5 cm) above the lower rib margin; center it higher for hypersthenic patients & lower for asthenic patients
151
CR for AP oblique large intestine
Perpendicular to IR and enters patient 1-2 in (2.5-5 cm) lateral to midline of MSP on elevated side at level of iliac crests
152
4 accessory glands that secrete digestive enzymes into the alimentary canal
Salivary glands
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
153
Part position for AP oblique stomach and duodenum
Align midline of IR with sagittal plane passing midway between the vertebrae & left lateral border of the abdomen
Center IR to a point midway between xiphoid process and lower rib margin
Adjust rotation to 30-60 degrees (average is 45)
154
Muscle controlling the pyloric orifice
Pyloric sphincter
154
3 biliary tract procedures
Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography
Postoperative (T-tube) cholangiography
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)
156
Large superior portion of the abdominopelvic cavity
Abdominal cavity
158
What is the patient preparation before small intestine exams?
Soft or low-residue diet for 2 days before study
159
2 structures shown on the AP left lateral decubitus of the abdomen
Size and shape of liver, spleen and kidneys
| Free air and air-fluid levels (when an upright can’t be obtained)
163
What is the average emptying time for the stomach and transit time to the ileocecal valve?
2-3 hours
163
What is the structure shown for the PA or AP large intestine?
Entire colon
164
Antrum to the immediate right of the angular notch in the body of the stomach
Pyloric antrum
165
Collimation for AP oblique stomach and duodenum
10 x 12 in (24 x 30 cm)
166
Anterior, triangular prominence of the mandible; at birth mandible consists of bilateral pieces held together by fibrous symphysis that ossifies during first year of life, at site of ossification is a slight ridge
Mental protuberance
167
5 essential projections of abdominal radiographic procedures
```
AP, supine and upright
PA, upright
AP, left lateral decubitus
Lateral, R or L
Lateral, R or L dorsal decubitus
```
168
Series of pouches formed by the pulling muscle tone of the taeniae in the large intestine
Haustra
168
CR for PA axial mandible (body)
Midway between the TMJs at an angle of 30 degrees cephalad
169
4 structures shown on lateral stomach and duodenum
Anterior and posterior aspects of stomach
Pyloric canal
Duodenal bulb
Right lateral best for the pyloric canal and duodenal canal with hypersthenic patients
170
Posterior process on top of ramus of the mandible
Consists of a constricted area (neck) above which is a broad, thick, almost transversely placed condyle that articulates with mandibular fossa of temporal bone to form temporomandibular joint (TMJ) which slants posteriorly approximately 15 degrees and inferiorly and medially approximately 15 degrees and is situated immediately in front of the EAM
Can feel it go in and out of mandibular fossa of temporal bone when you open and close your mouth
Condylar/condyloid process
173
CR for PA mandible (rami)
Perpendicular to exit the acanthion
174
Patient position for PA oblique large intestine
30-45 degree RAO or LAO
RAO best demonstrates right colic flexure, ascending colon and sigmoid
LAO best demonstrates left colic flexure and descending colon
175
Patient position for AP/PA oblique esophagus
Recumbent 35-40 degree RAO or LPO
177
Function is the transmission of sound vibrations
Thin, cavoconvex, membranous disk with an elliptical shape
The disk, the convex surface of which is directed medially, is situated obliquely over the medial end of the EAM and serves as a partition between the external and middle ear
Tympanic membrane (eardrum)
179
4 structures shown on the PA axial stomach and duodenum
```
"Opens up” high, horizontal (hypersthenic-type) stomach to show:
Greater andlesser curvatures
Antral portion of stomach
Pyloric canal
Duodenal bulb
```
180
3 functions of the gallbladder
Concentrates bile though the absorption of water content Stores bile during inter digestive periods
By concentration of its musculature, evacuates the bile during digestion
181
CR for lateral (right or left) abdomen
Prrpendicular to IR and entering the midcoronal plane at level of the iliac crest or 2 in (5 cm) above if diaphragm is included
182
3 evaluation criteria for axiolateral (right or left) mandible/Schuller (TMJ)
TMJ anterior to EAM
Condyle in mandibular fossa in closed-mouth exam
Condyle inferior to articular tubercle in the open-mouth exam if patient is normal and can open mouth widely
183
Hormone secreted by the duodenal mucosa and released into the blood when fatty or acts chyme passes into the intestine that activates the muscular contraction of the gallbladder
Cholecystokinin
185
3 small bones in middle ear named for their shape
Malleus (hammer)
Incus (anvil)
Stapes (stirrup)
185
4 portions of the colon
Ascending
Transverse
Descending
Sigmoid
186
Small, ovoid central compartment behind cochlea which communicates with middle ear via oval window; involved with equilibrium
Vestibule
186
Numerous longitudinal folds contained in the inner mucosal layer of the body of the stomach; when the stomach is full they are smooth
Rugae
186
Carries blood from digestive system to be filtered by liver, ends at the sinusoids
Portal vein
188
7 things the abdominal cavity contains
```
Stomach
Small and large intestines
Liver
Gallbladder
Spleen
Pancreas
Kidneys
```
189
Cavity behind the peritoneum where organs such as the kidneys and pancreas lie
Retroperitoneum
189
Right border of the stomach marked by this curvature
Begins at the esophagogastric junction, is continuous with the right border of the esophagus, and is a concave curve ending at the pylorus
Lesser curvature
189
4 structures shown on axiolateral oblique (right or left) mandible/modified Law (TMJ)
Condyles and necks of mandible
Relationship between mandibular fossa and condyle
Open-mouth: mandibular fossa and inferior and anterior excursion of the condyle
Closed-mouth: fractures of neck and condyle of ramus
190
2 evaluation criteria for axiolateral and axiolateral oblique mandible for symphysis
No overlap of mentum region by the opposite side of the mandible
No foreshortening of the mentum region
191
Peritoneum folds that serve to support the viscera in position
Mesentery and omenta
192
Channel of elimination for the waste products of red blood cells destruction, an excretion and secretion
As an excretion it's an important aid in the emulsification and assimilation of fats; it is collected from the liver cells by the ducts and carried to the gallbladder for temp storage or poured directly into the duodenum through the common bile duct
Bile
192
3 parts of the gallbladder
Narrow neck that is continuous with the cystic duct
Body/main portion
Fundus
193
Where digestive process begins
Dilated, saclike portion of the digestive tract extending between the esophagus and small intestine
Has anterior and posterior surfaces
The entrance to and exit from this are controlled by a muscle sphincter
Stomach
193
Part position axiolateral and axiolateral oblique mandible (ramus, body and symphysis)
Patient’s head in lateral position with IPL perpendicular to IR, drop down shoulders
Extend patient’s neck enough that the long axis of the mandibular body is parallel with a transverse axis of the IR to prevent superimposition of the C-spine
Ramus: keep patient’s head in true lateral
Body: rotate patient’s head 30 degrees toward the IR
Symphysis: rotate the patient’s head 45 degrees toward the IR
194
Opening between the stomach and the small intestine
Pyloric orifice
195
Small opening on each side of the mandible below the second premolar tooth (approximate halfway between superior and inferior borders of the bone) that transmits nerves and blood vessels
Mental foramina
196
4 structures shown on AP abdomen/KUB
Size & shape of liver
Spleen
Kidneys
Intra-abdominal calcifications or evidence of tumor masses
197
Upper two fifths of the small intestine; gathered into gyri and attached to the posterior wall of the abdomen by the mesentery that lie in the central and lower part of the abdominal cavity within the arch of the large intestine
Jejunum
198
Part position for upright AP abdomen/KUB (2)
Center IR 2 in above level of iliac crests or high enough to include diaphragm
If the bladder is to be included center the IR at the level of the iliac crests
199
Part position for AP left lateral decubitus of the abdomen
Center iliac crests to IR or 2 in (5 cm) above, if diaphragm is to be demonstrated
200
3 evaluation criteria for axiolateral and axiolateral oblique mandible for ramus and body
No overlap of ramus by opposite side of mandible
No elongation or foreshortening of ramus or body
No superimposition of ramus by C-spine
201
In radiography when a patient is in upright position, the fundus is usually filled with gas
Gas bubble
203
What is the essential projection of the small intestine?
PA or AP
204
Canal in the pyloric portion of the stomach that communicates with the duodenal bulb
Pyloric canal
205
Where digestive process is completed
Extends from the pyloric sphincter of the stomach to the ileocecal valve where it joins the large intestine intestine at a right angle
Small intestine
205
Three thickened bands on the muscular layer of the large intestine formed by an external band of longitudinal muscle on the muscular portion of the intestinal wall; one positioned anteriorly and two posteriorly
Taeniae
205
CR for PA or AP large intestine
Perpendicular to center of IR, enters MSP at level of iliac crests
206
Part of stomach descending from the funds beginning at the level of the cardiac notch
Body
207
Freely movable loops
Gyri
208
Contrast media that is readily absorbed by the body and excreted by kidneys in cases of perforationa and easily removed by aspiration before or during surgery
Water-soluble media
209
4 evaluation criteria on AP stomach and duodenum
Double-contrast visualization of the gastric body, pylorus and duodenal bulb
Retrogastric portion of the duodenum and jejunum
Lower lung fields on 14 x 17 in (35 x 43 cm) images to show diaphragmatic hernias
Stomach centered a the level of the pylorus on 10 x 12 in (24 x 30 cm) & 11 x 14 in (28 x 35 cm) images
209
CR for AP axial large intestine
Angled 30-40 degrees cephalad and enters patient on MSP to enter inferior margin of pubic symphysis
210
Part position for PA axial mandible (rami)
Rest the patient’s forehead and nose on IR
| OML and MSP perpendicular to IR
211
Evaluation criteria for PA oblique stomach and duodenum
No superimposition of pylorus and duodenal bulb
211
Third/horizontal/inferior portion of the duodenum joins the jejunum at this sharp curve
Duodenojejunal flexure
212
Direct injection via a tube placed into the small bowel
Enteroclysis
213
Where is the gallbladder located in hypersthenic body habitus?
High and well away from midline
215
Two vertical portions on each side of body of the mandible, unite with body at angle of mandible/gonion
Rami
215
Organ of swallowing
Long, muscular tube that carries food and saliva from the laryngopharanx to the stomach
Adult one approximately 10 in (24 cm) long & 3/4 in (1.9 cm) in diameter
Esophagus
219
Largest gland in body and irregularly wedge-shaped
Situated with its base on the right and its apex directed anteriorly and to the left
Deepest point is the inferior aspect just above the right kidney
Diaphragmatic surface is convex and conforms to the undersurface of the diaphragm
Visceral surface is concave and molded over the viscera on which it rests
Almost all the right hypochondrium and a large part of the epigastrium are occupied by this
Right portion extends inferiorly into the right lateral region as far as the fourth lumbar vertebra and the left extremity extends across the left hypochondrium
Liver
221
Portion of the colon of the large intestine that passes superiorly from its junction with the cecum to the undersurface of the liver where it joins the transverse portion at an angle called the right colic flexure
Ascending
222
Where is the top of the ear attachment (TEA) located?
TEA at level of petrous ridges
223
2 evaluation criteria for AP axial mandible (TMJ)
Minimal superimposition of petrosal on the condyle in the closed-mouth exam
Condyle and temperomandibular articulation below pars petrosa in the open-mouth position
224
Dilation just above the anal canal
Rectal ampulla
225
Organ of swallowing
Pharynx
226
Superior border of body of the mandible that consists of spongy bone which supports the roots of the teeth
Alveolar process
227
What is the structure shown on PA axial large intestine?
Best shows the rectosigmoid area of the colon
227
What are the structures shown on the axiolateral (right or left) mandible/Schuller (TMJ)?
TMJ when mouth is open and closed, do both sides
228
Outer portion of peritoneum that is in close contact with abdominal wall, greater (false) pelvic wall and most the undersurface of the diaphragm
Parietal peritoneum
228
Collimation for PA oblique stomach and duodenum
10 x 12 in (24 x 30 cm)
229
Prominent cartilaginous tip at the external ears anterior margin which projects posteriorly over the entrance of the meatus
Tragus
230
Where is the stomach located in a asthenic body habitus?
Stomach is vertical and occupies a low position with its most dependent portion extending well below the transpyloric/interspinous line
231
Where food is masticated and converted into a bolus by insalivation
Mouth
231
External aperture of the large intestine
Anus
232
Portion of the colon of the large intestine that curves to form an S-shaped loop and ends in the rectum atet eh even of the third sacral segment
Sigmoid
233
Junction of body and ramus of mandible
Angle of mandible/gonion
233
8-10 in (20-24 cm) long and is widest portion of small intestine
Retroperitoneal and relatively fixed in position
Begins at the pylorus and follows a C-shaped course
Duodenum
234
Broad lower portion of the gallbladder
Fundus
235
Extends from diaphragm to superior aspect of bony pelvis
Abdominopelvic cavity
235
Collimation for AP axial mandible (TMJ)
Collimation: 8 x 10 in (18 x 24 cm) crosswise
237
Just below the junction of the ascending colon and cecum of the large intestine, projects into the lumen of the cecum and guards the opening between the ileum and cecum
Ileocecal valve
238
3 portions of the small intestine
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
238
Attached to the posteromedial side of the cecum of the large intestine; narrow, wormlike tube that is about 3 in (7.6 cm) long
Vermiform appendix
239
Concave area at top of ramus of the mandible between coronoid and condylar process
Mandibular notch
239
2 structures shown on PA oblique stomach and duodenum
Entire duodenal loop
| Gives best image of pyloric canal and duodenal bulb in patients whose habitus approximates the sthenic type
239
Portion of the colon of the large intestine passes inferiorly and medially to tits junction with the sigmoid portion at the superior aperture of the lesser pelvis
Descending
239
2 structures shown on AP/PA left lateral decubitus
Demonstrates lateral side of ascending colon
| Medial side of descending colon
239
Part position for PA axial mandible (body)
Nose and chin on IR, anterior surface of mandibular symphysis parallel with plane of IR
AML nearly perpendicular to IR plane
240
CR for axiolateral (right or left) mandible/Schuller (TMJ)
25-30 degrees caudad entering about 1/2 in (1.3 cm) anterior and 2 in (5 cm) superior to the upside EAM
242
Deep central depression whose lower part leads into the EAM
Concha
242
Double-walled seromembranous sac that encloses the abdominopelvic cavity
Peritoneum
242
Solutions that move through the GI tract quicker than barium sulfate, clear the stomach in one to two hours, do not adhere as well to esophageal mucosa as to barium sulfate and rovide satisfactory exams of the stomach, duodenum and large intestine
Iodinated solutions
242
4 parts the stomach is divided into
Cardia
Fundus
Body
Pyloric portion
242
What is the function of the small intestine?
Digestion and absorption of food
243
Largest and densest bone of the face
Mandible
243
Minor lobe on the inferior surface of the medial side of the right lobe of the liver
Quadrate lobe
243
CR for PA axial mandible (rami)
20-25 degrees cephalad to exit the acanthion
244
Superior attachment of auricle, reference point for positioning
Top of ear attachment (TEA)
244
4 layers of the esophagus, stomach and small and large intestine
Fibrous
Muscular
Submucosal
Mucosal
244
3 functions of the stomach in the digestive process
Serves as a storage area for food until it can be digested further
Acids, enzymes and other chemicals are secreted to break food down chemically
Mechanically broken down through churning and peristalsis
244
What is the average length and diameter of the small intestine
Length averages about 22 ft (6.5 m) and its diameter gradually diminishes from approximately 1 1/2 in (3.8 cm) in the proximal part to approximately 1 in (2.5 cm) in the distal part
245
Three unequally sized canals that form right angles to one another and are called, according to their positions, anterior, posterior and lateral; involved with equilibrium
Semicircular canals
245
CR for PA axial stomach and duodenum
35-45 degrees cephalad to the midpoint of the IR (20-25 degrees cephalad for infants)
245
Pouch like portion of the large intestine that is below the junction of the ileum and the colon
Approximately 2 1/2 in (6 cm) long and 3 in (7.6 cm) in diameter
Cecum
246
Anterior process on top of ramus of mandible, thin and tapered to a higher level than the posterior process; cannot be palpated
Coronoid process
