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RAD 232 - Selected Radiography Systems > Mandible, Inner Ear, Digestive and Biliary System and Positioning > Flashcards

Mandible, Inner Ear, Digestive and Biliary System and Positioning Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the large intestine located in hypersthenic habitus?

A

Positioned around periphery of abdomen and may require more images to show its entire length

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2
Q

Patient position for AP oblique stomach and duodenum

A

Recumbent LPO demonstrates fundus portion of stomach

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3
Q

Part position for axiolateral oblique (right or left) mandible/modified Law (TMJ)

A

Center 1/2 in (1.3 cm) anterior to EAM to IR and rest patient’s cheek on grid device
Rotate MSP of head approximately 15 degrees toward the IR
Adjust IPL perpendicular to IR
Adjust flexion of neck so AML is parallel with transverse axis of IR

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4
Q

5 essential projections of the stomach and duodenum

A 
PA
PA oblique
AP oblique
Lateral (mediolateral)
AP
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5
Q

Opening where the esophagus joins the stomach at the esophagogastric junction

A

Cardiac orifice

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6
Q

Hilum of the liver situated transversely between the two minor lobes

A

Porta hepatis

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7
Q

Part position for PA or AP small intestine

A

For 30 min interval, center IR at level of L2

For delayed images, center IR at iliac crests

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8
Q

Contraction waves by which digestive tube propels contents toward the rectum; three to four waves per min occur in the filled stomach

A

Peristalsis

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9
Q

Musculomembranous tube that extends from the mouth to the anus
Regions vary in diameter according to functional requirements; greater part is about 29-30 ft (8.6-8.9 m) long and lies in the abdominal cavity

A

Alimentary canal

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10
Q

Barium or other opaque contrast administered one of 3 ways for studies of small intestine

A

Orally (most common)
Reflux filling via large-volume barium enema
Enteroclysis

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11
Q

Part position for PA mandible (rami)

A

Rest the patient’s forehead and nose on IR; adjust OML perpendicular to the plane to the plane of the IR
Adjust the head so that its MSP is perpendicular to the plane of the IR

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12
Q

Expanded portion of the terminal esophagus which lies in the abdomen

A

Cardiac antrum

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13
Q

Part of the duodenum of the small intestine that passes toward the left at a superior inclination for a distance of about 2 1/2 in (6 cm) and continues as the fourth portion on the left side of the vertebrae

A

Third/horizontal/inferior

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14
Q

3 portions of the temporal bone

A 
Mastoid = has air cells Squamous = thinnest
Petrous = house organs of hearing and balance
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15
Q

4 structures shown on AP stomach and duodenum

A

Well filled fundus area
Usually a double-contrast delineation of the body, pyloric portion and duodenum
Because of the elevation and superior displacement of the stomach, this projection afford the best AP projection of the retrogastric portion of the duodenum and jejunum
Shows the organ(s) involved and the location and extent of any gross hernial protrusion through the diaphragm

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17
Q

Body of the stomach ends at a vertical plane passing through this notch

A

Angular notch

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18
Q

Smaller, inferior part of the abdominopelvic cavity
Lies within margins of bony pelvis
Anatomists define “true” as that portion of the abdominopelvic cavity inferior to a plane passing thru the sacral promontory posteriorly and the superior surface of the pubic bones anteriorly

A

Pelvic cavity

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19
Q

2 evaluation criteria for PA axial large intestine

A

Rectosigmoid area centered to image when a 10 x 12 in (24 x 30 cm) IR is used
Rectosigmoid area with less superimposition than in PA projection bc of angulation of CR

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20
Q

Inferior to the diaphragm the esophagus curves sharply left, increases in diameter and joins the stomach at this junction which is at the level of the xiphoid tip (T11)

A

Esophagogastric junction

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21
Q

Where is the stomach located in a hypersthenic body habitus?

A

Stomach is almost horizontal and high with its most dependent portion well above the umbilicus

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22
Q

3 evaluation criteria for axiolateral oblique (right or left) mandible/modified Law (TMJ)

A

TMJ
Condyle lying in mandibular fossa in closed-mouth exam
Condyle lying inferior to the articular tubercle in the open-mouth projection if patient is normal & able to open mouth widely

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24
Q

2 structures shown on AP/PA right lateral decubitus

A

Medial side of ascending colon

Left lateral side of descending colon

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25
Q

Where is the esophagus located?

A

Lies in the MSP and originates at the level of the C6 or upper margin of the thyroid cartilage
Enters the thorax from the superior portion of the neck
In the thorax it passes through the mediastinum, anterior to the vertebral bodies and posterior to the trachea & heart
In the lower thorax it passes through the diaphragm at T10

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26
Q

2 structures shown on PA mandible (rami)

A

Mandibular body

Rami

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27
Q

Curved, horizontal portion of the mandible

A

Body

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28
Q

Part of the large intestine that extends from the sigmoid colon to the anal canal
Approximately 6 in (15 cm) long & the distal portion, which is about 1 in (2.5 cm) long, is constricted to form the anal canal
Following the sacrococcygeal curve, it passes inferiorly and posteriorly to the level of the pelvic floor and bends sharply anteriorly and inferiorly into the anal canal which extends to the anus

A

Rectum

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31
Q

Left and inferior border of the stomach are marked by this curvature
Begins at the sharp angle at the esophagogastric junction (cardiac notch) and follows the superior curvature of the fundus and then the convex curvature of the body down the pylorus
4-5 times longer than the lesser curvature

A

Greater curvature

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32
Q

Sound-conducting canal
About 1 in (2.5 cm) long
Outer third of canal wall is cartilaginous and inner two thirds is osseous (bone)
From the meatal orifice, canal forms a slight curve as it passes medially and anteriorly in line with axis of the IAM
Ends at tympanic membrane of middle ear

A

External acoustic meatus (EAM)

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33
Q

2 collimations for AP stomach and duodenum

A

10 x 12 in (24 x 30 cm) for stomach

14 x 17 in (35 x 43 cm) for stomach and small bowel

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34
Q

2 structures shown on PA upright stomach and duodenum

A

Contour of barium-filled stomach and duodenal bulb
Size, shape and relative position of the filled stomach but doesn’t adequately show the unfilled fundic portion of the organ

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35
Q

6 component parts of the alimentary canal

A 
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
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36
Q

Organ of hearing and balance

Essential parts housed in petrous portion of temporal bone

A

Ear

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38
Q

First of the mastoid air cells to develop is situated at upper anterior part of the mastoid process
Quite large and communicates with tympanic cavity
Shortly before or after birth, smaller air cells begin to develop around this and continue to increase in number and size until around puberty
Air cells vary considerably in size and number; occasionally absent altogether, in which case the mastoid process is solid bone and usually small
Large air cavity situated in the temporal bone above the mastoid air cells and immediately behind posterior wall of middle ear

A

Mastoid antrum

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39
Q

Where the common bile duct and pancreatic duct unite

A

Hepatopancreatic ampulla

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40
Q

CR for AP/PA right or left lateral decubitus

A

Horizontal and perpendicular to IR and enters midline of body at level of iliac crests

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41
Q

Hepatopancreatic ampulla opens on the summit of the part of the duodenum

A

Greater duodenal papilla

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42
Q

What structure is shown on the AP axial large intestine?

A

Best shows the rectosigmoid area of the colon

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43
Q

Tympanic cavity communicates with nasopharynx through the these tubes
Passage by which air pressure is equalized with the pressure in the outside air passages
About 1 and 1/4 in (3 cm) long
From its entrance into the tympanic cavity, the tube passes medially and inferiorly to its orifice on the lateral wall of the nasopharynx

A

Auditory (eustachian) tubes

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44
Q

Part position for PA stomach and dueodenum

A

Center IR 1-2 in (2.5-5 cm) above lower rib margin (level of L1-L2); upright requires IR centered 3-6 in (7.6-15 cm) lower

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45
Q

CR for lateral esophagus

A

Enters patient on MCP at level of T5-T6 perpendicular to midpoint of IR

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47
Q

Situated between external and internal ear

A

Middle ear

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49
Q

3 main divisions organs of hearing and equilibrium consist of

A

External
Middle
Internal ear

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51
Q

Articulated to permit vibratory motion
Bridge middle ear cavity for transmission of sound vibrations from tympanic membrane to internal ear
Handle of malleus (outermost ossicle) attached to tympanic membrane) and head articulates with incus (central ossicle); head of stapes (innermost ossicle) articulates with incus and its base is fitted into oval window of inner ear

A

Auditory ossicles

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52
Q

Narrow, irregularly shaped, air-containing compartment/chamber that lies just posterior and medial to the mandibular fossa
Separated from external ear by tympanic membrane and from internal ear by bony labyrinth
Auditory (eustachian) tubes

A

Tympanic cavity

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53
Q

Space between the two layers of the peritoneum; because there are no mesenteric attachments of the intestines in the pelvic cavity, pelvic surgery can be performed without entry into this

A

Peritoneal cavity

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54
Q

2 patient positions for lateral stomach and duodenum

A

Recumbent right lateral demonstrates right retrogastric space, duodenal loop, duodenal bulb and duodenaojejunal junction
Upright left lateral demonstrates left retrogastric space

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55
Q

2 evaluation criteria of SMV of mandible

A

Condyles of mandible anterior to the pars petrosa

Symphysis extending almost to the anterior border of face so that mandible isn’t foreshortened

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56
Q

CR for AP/PA oblique esophagus

A

Enters patient at 2 in (5 cm) lateral to MSP at level of T5 or T6 perpendicular to midpoint of IR

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57
Q

5 evaluation criteria for AP/PA oblique esophagus

A

Esophagus between the vertebrae and heart
Evidence of proper collimation
Esophagus from lower part of the neck to its entrance into the stomach
Esophagus filled with barium
Penetration of the barium

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59
Q

Outer rim of ear

A

Helix

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60
Q

4 parts of the large intestine

A

Cecum
Colon
Rectum
Anal canal

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61
Q

Part position of AP axial mandible (TMJ)

A

MSP and OML perpendicular

One with mouth open and closed

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62
Q

Most fixed part of the small intestine and normally lies in the upper part of the umbilical region; however its position varies with body habitus and the amount of gastric and intestinal contents

A

Duodenal loop

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63
Q

CR for PA oblique large intestine

A

Perpendicular to IR and enters 1-2 in (2.5-5 cm) lateral to midline of body on elevated side at level of iliac crests

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65
Q

Patient position for AP oblique large intestine

A

35-45 degree LPO or RPO
LPO best demonstrates right colic flexure and ascending and sigmoid colon
RPO demonstrates left colic flexure and descending colon

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66
Q

Supplies oxygenated blood from the abdominal aorta, ends in capillaries that communicate with sinusoids

A

Hepatic artery

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67
Q

Contains the essential sensory apparatus of hearing and equilibrium and lies on the densest portion of petrous portion immediately below the arcuate eminence
From its cranial orifice, internal acoustic meatus (IAM) passes inferiorly and laterally for a distance of about 1/2 in (1.3 cm)
Through this canal the cochlear and vestibular nerves pass from their fibers in the respective parts of the membranous labyrinth to the brain

A

Internal ear

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68
Q

CR for AP axial mandible (TMJ)

A

35 degrees caudad, centered midway between TMJs and entering a point 3 in above nasion

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71
Q

CR for PA axial large intestine

A

Angled 30-40 degrees caudad, enters MSP at lever of ASIS

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72
Q

Lower three fifths of the small intestine; gathered into gyri and attached to the posterior wall of the abdomen by the mesentery that lie in the central and lower part of the abdominal cavity within the arch of the large intestine

A

Ileum

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74
Q

Where is the large intestine located in asthenic habitus?

A

Bunches together and positioned low in abdomen

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76
Q

CR for AP or PA esophagus

A

Perpendicular to midpoint of IR, usually at level or T5-T6

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77
Q

2 patient positions for AP stomach and duodenum

A

Supine

Trendelenburg’s for demonstration of hiatal hernia

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77
Q

Structures shown on SMV of mandible

A

Cronoid and condyloid processes of the rami

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79
Q

Oval-shaped, fibrocartilaginous, sound-collecting organ situated on side of head

A

Auricle

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80
Q

2 evaluation for lateral esophagus

A

Patient’s arms not interfering with visualization of the proximal esophagus
Ribs posterior to the vertebrae superimposed to show the patient wasn’t rotated

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81
Q

Part position for axiolateral (right or left) mandible/Schuller (TMJ)

A

Center 1/2 in (1.3 cm) anterior to EAM to IR and place patient’s head in lateral position
MSP parallel, IPL perpendicular
One with mouth closed and open

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82
Q

3 distinctly shaped parts the bony labyrinth consists of

A

Cochlea
Vestibule
Semicircular canals

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83
Q

Thin-walled, more or less pear-shaped, musculomembranous sac with a capacity of approximately 2 oz
Usually lodged in a fossa on the visceral/inferior surface of the right lobe of the liver where it lies anteriorly
About 1 in (2.5 cm) in width at its widest part and 3-4 in (7.5-10 cm) long
Extends from the lower right margin of the porta hepatis to a variable distance below the anterior border of the liver

A

Gallbladder

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84
Q

Part position for PA oblique of stomach and duodenum

A

Midline of IR aligned with sagittal plane passing midway between vertebral column and lateral border of elevated side
IR centered to lower rib margin (level of L1-L2)
Adjust rotation to 40-70 degrees to demonstrate pyloric canal and duodenum in profile

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85
Q

Structure shown on AP oblique stomach and duodenum

A

Fundic portion of stomach

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86
Q

IR for AP or PA espohagus

A

Placed so that top is level with mouth

14 x 17 in (35 x 43 cm) lengthwise

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87
Q

Longest and most moveable part of the colon of the large intestine
Crosses the abdomen to the undersurface of the spleen
Transverse portion makes a sharp curve (left colic flexure) and ends in the descending portion

A

Transverse

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88
Q

Muscle that supports the duodenojejunal flexure

A

Suspensory muscle of the duodenum/ligament of Treitz

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89
Q

Inner portion of peritoneum positioned over or around the contained organs

A

Visceral peritoneum

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90
Q

6 evaluation criteria for AP or PA esophagus

A

Brightness and contrast sufficient to visualize the esophagus through the superimposed vertebrae
No rotation
Evidence of proper collimation
Esophagus from lower part of the neck to its entrance into the stomach
Esophagus filled with barium
Penetration of the barium

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90
Q

Convey the blood from the liver sinusoids to the inferior vena cava

A

Hepatic veins

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91
Q

6 essential projections of the large intestine

A 
PA
PA axial
PA oblique RAO & LAO
Lateral
AP
AP axial
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92
Q

Section of stomach immediately surrounding the esophageal opening

A

Cardia

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93
Q

2 projections a two-way abdomen series requires

A

AP, supine

AP, upright

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94
Q

4 regions of the duodenum of the small intestine

A

First/superior/duodenal bulb
Second/descending
Third/horizontal/inferior
Fourth/ascending

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95
Q

2 structures shown on lateral large intestine

A

Best shows the rectum

Distal sigmoid portion of the colon

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96
Q

Patient position for lateral large intestine

A

Recumbent right or left lateral

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97
Q

CR for axiolateral and axiolateral oblique mandible

A

Directed 25 degrees cephalad to pass directly through the mandibular region of interest

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98
Q

Combination single and double-contrast during the same procedure

A

Biphasic exam

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99
Q

Minor lobe on the posterior surface of the medial side of the right lobe of the liver

A

Caudate lobe

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100
Q

CR for lateral right or left dorsal decubitus abdomen

A

Directed horizontal and perpendicular to center of IR, entering the midcoronal plane 2 in (5 cm) above the level of the iliac crests

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101
Q

Where is the gallbladder located in asthenic body habitus?

A

Low and near the spine

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102
Q

Part position for AP stomach and duodenum

A

Align midline of grid to MSP on 14 x 17 in (35 x 43 cm) IR
On 10 x 12 in (24 x 30 cm) IR, align midline of grid to sagittal plane passing midway between MSP and left lateral margin of abdomen
Center 10 x 12 in (24 x 30 cm) IR to level midway between xiphoid and lower rib margin
Center 14 x 17 in (35 x 43 cm) IR; may be adjusted to demonstrate more diaphragm or small bowel

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103
Q

Composed of an irregularly shaped bony shape chamber that houses internal ear and is an inter-communicating system of ducts and sacs known as membranous labyrinth

A

Bony labyrinth

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104
Q

What is the most common contrast for the alimentary canal?

A

Barium sulfate

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105
Q

Part position for the supine AP abdomen/KUB

A

Center IR at level of iliac crests and ensure pubic symphysis is included

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106
Q

CR for SMV of mandible

A

Perpendicular to the IOML and centered midway between the angles of the mandible

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107
Q

Part position for lateral stomach and duodenum

A

Align plane passing midway between MCP and anterior surface of abdomen to midline of grid
Center IR at level of L1-L2 for recumbent position, L3 for upright

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108
Q

Part of duodenum of small intestine that is 3-4 in (7.6-10 cm) long
Passes inferiorly along the head of the pancreas and in close relation to the undersurface of the liver

A

Second/descending

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109
Q

Collimation for PA stomach and duodenum

A

10 x 12 in (24 x 30 cm)

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110
Q

2 evaluation criteria for AP oblique stomach and duodenum

A

Fundic portion of stomach

Body and pyloric antrum with double-contrast visualization

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112
Q

Part position for PA axial large intestine

A

MSP in midline, IR at level of iliac crests

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113
Q

Most anterior and central part of the mandible where left and right halves of mandible fuse

A

Symphysis

114
Q

At what rate does the liver secrete bile?

A

Secretes bile at the rate of 1-3 pints (1/2-1 1/2 L) each day

115
Q

2 structures shown on PA axial mandible (rami)

A

Mandibular body

Rami

116
Q

3 structures shown on lateral (right or left) abdomen

A

Pre vertebral space occupied by the abdominal aorta
Any intra-abdominal calcifications or tumor masses
Proper placement of AAA grafts to other vascular interventional devices

117
Q

Part of the large intestine that terminates at the anus

A

Anal canal

118
Q

3 parts the middle ear proper consists of

A

Tympanic membrane (eardrum)
Tympanic cavity
Auditory ossicles

119
Q

2 structures shown on PA prone stomach and duodenum

A

Contour of barium-filled stomach and duodenal bulb
Stomach moves superiorly 1 1/2-4 in (3.8-10 cm) according to patient’s body habitus; at the same time the stomach spreads horizontally with comparable decrease in length (fundus usually fills in asthenic patients)

120
Q

3 things the pelvic cavity contains

A

Rectum of sigmoid of large intestine
Urinary bladder
Reproductive organs

121
Q

CR for lateral large intestine

A

Perpendicular to IR and enters MCP at level of ASIS

122
Q

2 structures show on lateral right or left dorsal decubitus abdomen

A

Pre vertebral space

Air-fluid levels

123
Q

Food that has been mechanically and chemically altered in the stomach is transported to the duodenum

A

Chyme

124
Q

2 large parts the abdominopelvic cavity consists of

A

Abdominal

Pelvic cavity

125
Q

Mucosa of small intestine contains a series of fingerlike projection which assist in the processes of digestion and absorption

A

Villi

126
Q

2 structures shown on PA axial mandible (body)

A

Mandibular body

TMJs

127
Q

Part position for AP axial large intestine

A

MSP aligned to midline of grid and IR centered to 2 in (5 cm) above iliac crests

128
Q

What is the primary function of the liver?

A

Primary consideration from the radiographic standpoint is the formation of bile

129
Q

2 structures shown on PA oblique large intestine

A

RAO: best shows the right colic flexure, ascending portion of the colon and sigmoid portion of the colon
LAO: best shows the left colic flexure and descending portion of the colon

130
Q

Patient position for PA oblique stomach and duodenum

A

Recumbent RAO position

131
Q

Collimation for lateral stomach and duodenum

A

10 x 12 in (24 x 30 cm)

132
Q

5 tissue structures used to determine effective technique for abdominal radiographic procedures

A 
Lower liver border
Psoas muscle
Kidneys
Ribs
Transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae
133
Q

CR for axiolateral oblique (right or left) mandible/modified Law (TMJ)

A

15 degrees caudad exiting through TMJ closer to IR

Enters about 1/2 in (3.8 cm) superior to upside EAM

134
Q

How long is food and water withheld before a GI/UGI series?

A

8-9 hours

135
Q

What does a three-way abdomen or acute abdominal series demonstrate?

A

Demonstrates abdominal contents, presence of free air (pneumoperitoneum) and air-fluid levels

136
Q

2 evaluation criteria PA axial mandible (body)

A

TMJs just inferior to the mastoid process

Symmetric rami

137
Q

2 parts the digestive system consists of

A

Accessory glands

Alimentary canal

138
Q

Liver divided into a large right lobe and much smaller left lobe here

A

Falciform ligament

139
Q

2 minor lobes located on the medial side of the right lobe of the liver

A

Caudate lobe

Quadrate lobe

140
Q

3 projections a three-way abdomen or acute abdominal series consists of

A

AP, supine
AP, upright
PA chest

142
Q

2 structures shown on AP axial mandible (TMJ)

A

Condyles of mandible

Mandibular fossae of temporals

143
Q

Where is the stomach located in a sthenic or hyposthenic body habitus?

A

Between the two extremes are the intermediate types of bodily habitus with corresponding variations in shape and position of the stomach; habitus of 85% of the population

144
Q

Superior portion of the stomach the expands superior and fills the dome of the left hemidiaphragm

A

Fundus

147
Q

Spiral-coiled, tubular part which communicates with middle ear through the membranous covering of the round window; used for hearing

A

Cochlea

149
Q

2 parts the external ear consists of

A

Auricle

External acoustic meatus (EAM)

150
Q

Distal to the vertical plane of the body of the stomach is this portion which consists of the pyloric antrum and pyloric canal

A

Pyloric canal

151
Q

Part position for PA axial stomach and duodenum

A

For sthenic patients center IR at level of L2 which lies about 1-2 in (2.5-5 cm) above the lower rib margin; center it higher for hypersthenic patients & lower for asthenic patients

151
Q

CR for AP oblique large intestine

A

Perpendicular to IR and enters patient 1-2 in (2.5-5 cm) lateral to midline of MSP on elevated side at level of iliac crests

152
Q

4 accessory glands that secrete digestive enzymes into the alimentary canal

A

Salivary glands
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas

153
Q

Part position for AP oblique stomach and duodenum

A

Align midline of IR with sagittal plane passing midway between the vertebrae & left lateral border of the abdomen
Center IR to a point midway between xiphoid process and lower rib margin
Adjust rotation to 30-60 degrees (average is 45)

154
Q

Muscle controlling the pyloric orifice

A

Pyloric sphincter

154
Q

3 biliary tract procedures

A

Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography
Postoperative (T-tube) cholangiography
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)

156
Q

Large superior portion of the abdominopelvic cavity

A

Abdominal cavity

158
Q

What is the patient preparation before small intestine exams?

A

Soft or low-residue diet for 2 days before study

159
Q

2 structures shown on the AP left lateral decubitus of the abdomen

A

Size and shape of liver, spleen and kidneys

Free air and air-fluid levels (when an upright can’t be obtained)

163
Q

What is the average emptying time for the stomach and transit time to the ileocecal valve?

A

2-3 hours

163
Q

What is the structure shown for the PA or AP large intestine?

A

Entire colon

164
Q

Antrum to the immediate right of the angular notch in the body of the stomach

A

Pyloric antrum

165
Q

Collimation for AP oblique stomach and duodenum

A

10 x 12 in (24 x 30 cm)

166
Q

Anterior, triangular prominence of the mandible; at birth mandible consists of bilateral pieces held together by fibrous symphysis that ossifies during first year of life, at site of ossification is a slight ridge

A

Mental protuberance

167
Q

5 essential projections of abdominal radiographic procedures

A 
AP, supine and upright
PA, upright
AP, left lateral decubitus
Lateral, R or L
Lateral, R or L dorsal decubitus
168
Q

Series of pouches formed by the pulling muscle tone of the taeniae in the large intestine

A

Haustra

168
Q

CR for PA axial mandible (body)

A

Midway between the TMJs at an angle of 30 degrees cephalad

169
Q

4 structures shown on lateral stomach and duodenum

A

Anterior and posterior aspects of stomach
Pyloric canal
Duodenal bulb
Right lateral best for the pyloric canal and duodenal canal with hypersthenic patients

170
Q

Posterior process on top of ramus of the mandible
Consists of a constricted area (neck) above which is a broad, thick, almost transversely placed condyle that articulates with mandibular fossa of temporal bone to form temporomandibular joint (TMJ) which slants posteriorly approximately 15 degrees and inferiorly and medially approximately 15 degrees and is situated immediately in front of the EAM
Can feel it go in and out of mandibular fossa of temporal bone when you open and close your mouth

A

Condylar/condyloid process

173
Q

CR for PA mandible (rami)

A

Perpendicular to exit the acanthion

174
Q

Patient position for PA oblique large intestine

A

30-45 degree RAO or LAO
RAO best demonstrates right colic flexure, ascending colon and sigmoid
LAO best demonstrates left colic flexure and descending colon

175
Q

Patient position for AP/PA oblique esophagus

A

Recumbent 35-40 degree RAO or LPO

177
Q

Function is the transmission of sound vibrations
Thin, cavoconvex, membranous disk with an elliptical shape
The disk, the convex surface of which is directed medially, is situated obliquely over the medial end of the EAM and serves as a partition between the external and middle ear

A

Tympanic membrane (eardrum)

179
Q

4 structures shown on the PA axial stomach and duodenum

A 
"Opens up” high, horizontal (hypersthenic-type) stomach to show:
 Greater andlesser curvatures
 Antral portion of stomach
 Pyloric canal
 Duodenal bulb
180
Q

3 functions of the gallbladder

A

Concentrates bile though the absorption of water content Stores bile during inter digestive periods
By concentration of its musculature, evacuates the bile during digestion

181
Q

CR for lateral (right or left) abdomen

A

Prrpendicular to IR and entering the midcoronal plane at level of the iliac crest or 2 in (5 cm) above if diaphragm is included

182
Q

3 evaluation criteria for axiolateral (right or left) mandible/Schuller (TMJ)

A

TMJ anterior to EAM
Condyle in mandibular fossa in closed-mouth exam
Condyle inferior to articular tubercle in the open-mouth exam if patient is normal and can open mouth widely

183
Q

Hormone secreted by the duodenal mucosa and released into the blood when fatty or acts chyme passes into the intestine that activates the muscular contraction of the gallbladder

A

Cholecystokinin

185
Q

3 small bones in middle ear named for their shape

A

Malleus (hammer)
Incus (anvil)
Stapes (stirrup)

185
Q

4 portions of the colon

A

Ascending
Transverse
Descending
Sigmoid

186
Q

Small, ovoid central compartment behind cochlea which communicates with middle ear via oval window; involved with equilibrium

A

Vestibule

186
Q

Numerous longitudinal folds contained in the inner mucosal layer of the body of the stomach; when the stomach is full they are smooth

A

Rugae

186
Q

Carries blood from digestive system to be filtered by liver, ends at the sinusoids

A

Portal vein

188
Q

7 things the abdominal cavity contains

A 
Stomach
Small and large intestines
Liver
Gallbladder
Spleen
Pancreas
Kidneys
189
Q

Cavity behind the peritoneum where organs such as the kidneys and pancreas lie

A

Retroperitoneum

189
Q

Right border of the stomach marked by this curvature
Begins at the esophagogastric junction, is continuous with the right border of the esophagus, and is a concave curve ending at the pylorus

A

Lesser curvature

189
Q

4 structures shown on axiolateral oblique (right or left) mandible/modified Law (TMJ)

A

Condyles and necks of mandible
Relationship between mandibular fossa and condyle
Open-mouth: mandibular fossa and inferior and anterior excursion of the condyle
Closed-mouth: fractures of neck and condyle of ramus

190
Q

2 evaluation criteria for axiolateral and axiolateral oblique mandible for symphysis

A

No overlap of mentum region by the opposite side of the mandible
No foreshortening of the mentum region

191
Q

Peritoneum folds that serve to support the viscera in position

A

Mesentery and omenta

192
Q

Channel of elimination for the waste products of red blood cells destruction, an excretion and secretion
As an excretion it’s an important aid in the emulsification and assimilation of fats; it is collected from the liver cells by the ducts and carried to the gallbladder for temp storage or poured directly into the duodenum through the common bile duct

A

Bile

192
Q

3 parts of the gallbladder

A

Narrow neck that is continuous with the cystic duct
Body/main portion
Fundus

193
Q

Where digestive process begins
Dilated, saclike portion of the digestive tract extending between the esophagus and small intestine
Has anterior and posterior surfaces
The entrance to and exit from this are controlled by a muscle sphincter

A

Stomach

193
Q

Part position axiolateral and axiolateral oblique mandible (ramus, body and symphysis)

A

Patient’s head in lateral position with IPL perpendicular to IR, drop down shoulders
Extend patient’s neck enough that the long axis of the mandibular body is parallel with a transverse axis of the IR to prevent superimposition of the C-spine
Ramus: keep patient’s head in true lateral
Body: rotate patient’s head 30 degrees toward the IR
Symphysis: rotate the patient’s head 45 degrees toward the IR

194
Q

Opening between the stomach and the small intestine

A

Pyloric orifice

195
Q

Small opening on each side of the mandible below the second premolar tooth (approximate halfway between superior and inferior borders of the bone) that transmits nerves and blood vessels

A

Mental foramina

196
Q

4 structures shown on AP abdomen/KUB

A

Size & shape of liver
Spleen
Kidneys
Intra-abdominal calcifications or evidence of tumor masses

197
Q

Upper two fifths of the small intestine; gathered into gyri and attached to the posterior wall of the abdomen by the mesentery that lie in the central and lower part of the abdominal cavity within the arch of the large intestine

A

Jejunum

198
Q

Part position for upright AP abdomen/KUB (2)

A

Center IR 2 in above level of iliac crests or high enough to include diaphragm
If the bladder is to be included center the IR at the level of the iliac crests

199
Q

Part position for AP left lateral decubitus of the abdomen

A

Center iliac crests to IR or 2 in (5 cm) above, if diaphragm is to be demonstrated

200
Q

3 evaluation criteria for axiolateral and axiolateral oblique mandible for ramus and body

A

No overlap of ramus by opposite side of mandible
No elongation or foreshortening of ramus or body
No superimposition of ramus by C-spine

201
Q

In radiography when a patient is in upright position, the fundus is usually filled with gas

A

Gas bubble

203
Q

What is the essential projection of the small intestine?

A

PA or AP

204
Q

Canal in the pyloric portion of the stomach that communicates with the duodenal bulb

A

Pyloric canal

205
Q

Where digestive process is completed
Extends from the pyloric sphincter of the stomach to the ileocecal valve where it joins the large intestine intestine at a right angle

A

Small intestine

205
Q

Three thickened bands on the muscular layer of the large intestine formed by an external band of longitudinal muscle on the muscular portion of the intestinal wall; one positioned anteriorly and two posteriorly

A

Taeniae

205
Q

CR for PA or AP large intestine

A

Perpendicular to center of IR, enters MSP at level of iliac crests

206
Q

Part of stomach descending from the funds beginning at the level of the cardiac notch

A

Body

207
Q

Freely movable loops

A

Gyri

208
Q

Contrast media that is readily absorbed by the body and excreted by kidneys in cases of perforationa and easily removed by aspiration before or during surgery

A

Water-soluble media

209
Q

4 evaluation criteria on AP stomach and duodenum

A

Double-contrast visualization of the gastric body, pylorus and duodenal bulb
Retrogastric portion of the duodenum and jejunum
Lower lung fields on 14 x 17 in (35 x 43 cm) images to show diaphragmatic hernias
Stomach centered a the level of the pylorus on 10 x 12 in (24 x 30 cm) & 11 x 14 in (28 x 35 cm) images

209
Q

CR for AP axial large intestine

A

Angled 30-40 degrees cephalad and enters patient on MSP to enter inferior margin of pubic symphysis

210
Q

Part position for PA axial mandible (rami)

A

Rest the patient’s forehead and nose on IR

OML and MSP perpendicular to IR

211
Q

Evaluation criteria for PA oblique stomach and duodenum

A

No superimposition of pylorus and duodenal bulb

211
Q

Third/horizontal/inferior portion of the duodenum joins the jejunum at this sharp curve

A

Duodenojejunal flexure

212
Q

Direct injection via a tube placed into the small bowel

A

Enteroclysis

213
Q

Where is the gallbladder located in hypersthenic body habitus?

A

High and well away from midline

215
Q

Two vertical portions on each side of body of the mandible, unite with body at angle of mandible/gonion

A

Rami

215
Q

Organ of swallowing
Long, muscular tube that carries food and saliva from the laryngopharanx to the stomach
Adult one approximately 10 in (24 cm) long & 3/4 in (1.9 cm) in diameter

A

Esophagus

219
Q

Largest gland in body and irregularly wedge-shaped
Situated with its base on the right and its apex directed anteriorly and to the left
Deepest point is the inferior aspect just above the right kidney
Diaphragmatic surface is convex and conforms to the undersurface of the diaphragm
Visceral surface is concave and molded over the viscera on which it rests
Almost all the right hypochondrium and a large part of the epigastrium are occupied by this
Right portion extends inferiorly into the right lateral region as far as the fourth lumbar vertebra and the left extremity extends across the left hypochondrium

A

Liver

221
Q

Portion of the colon of the large intestine that passes superiorly from its junction with the cecum to the undersurface of the liver where it joins the transverse portion at an angle called the right colic flexure

A

Ascending

222
Q

Where is the top of the ear attachment (TEA) located?

A

TEA at level of petrous ridges

223
Q

2 evaluation criteria for AP axial mandible (TMJ)

A

Minimal superimposition of petrosal on the condyle in the closed-mouth exam
Condyle and temperomandibular articulation below pars petrosa in the open-mouth position

224
Q

Dilation just above the anal canal

A

Rectal ampulla

225
Q

Organ of swallowing

A

Pharynx

226
Q

Superior border of body of the mandible that consists of spongy bone which supports the roots of the teeth

A

Alveolar process

227
Q

What is the structure shown on PA axial large intestine?

A

Best shows the rectosigmoid area of the colon

227
Q

What are the structures shown on the axiolateral (right or left) mandible/Schuller (TMJ)?

A

TMJ when mouth is open and closed, do both sides

228
Q

Outer portion of peritoneum that is in close contact with abdominal wall, greater (false) pelvic wall and most the undersurface of the diaphragm

A

Parietal peritoneum

228
Q

Collimation for PA oblique stomach and duodenum

A

10 x 12 in (24 x 30 cm)

229
Q

Prominent cartilaginous tip at the external ears anterior margin which projects posteriorly over the entrance of the meatus

A

Tragus

230
Q

Where is the stomach located in a asthenic body habitus?

A

Stomach is vertical and occupies a low position with its most dependent portion extending well below the transpyloric/interspinous line

231
Q

Where food is masticated and converted into a bolus by insalivation

A

Mouth

231
Q

External aperture of the large intestine

A

Anus

232
Q

Portion of the colon of the large intestine that curves to form an S-shaped loop and ends in the rectum atet eh even of the third sacral segment

A

Sigmoid

233
Q

Junction of body and ramus of mandible

A

Angle of mandible/gonion

233
Q

8-10 in (20-24 cm) long and is widest portion of small intestine
Retroperitoneal and relatively fixed in position
Begins at the pylorus and follows a C-shaped course

A

Duodenum

234
Q

Broad lower portion of the gallbladder

A

Fundus

235
Q

Extends from diaphragm to superior aspect of bony pelvis

A

Abdominopelvic cavity

235
Q

Collimation for AP axial mandible (TMJ)

A

Collimation: 8 x 10 in (18 x 24 cm) crosswise

237
Q

Just below the junction of the ascending colon and cecum of the large intestine, projects into the lumen of the cecum and guards the opening between the ileum and cecum

A

Ileocecal valve

238
Q

3 portions of the small intestine

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

238
Q

Attached to the posteromedial side of the cecum of the large intestine; narrow, wormlike tube that is about 3 in (7.6 cm) long

A

Vermiform appendix

239
Q

Concave area at top of ramus of the mandible between coronoid and condylar process

A

Mandibular notch

239
Q

2 structures shown on PA oblique stomach and duodenum

A

Entire duodenal loop

Gives best image of pyloric canal and duodenal bulb in patients whose habitus approximates the sthenic type

239
Q

Portion of the colon of the large intestine passes inferiorly and medially to tits junction with the sigmoid portion at the superior aperture of the lesser pelvis

A

Descending

239
Q

2 structures shown on AP/PA left lateral decubitus

A

Demonstrates lateral side of ascending colon

Medial side of descending colon

239
Q

Part position for PA axial mandible (body)

A

Nose and chin on IR, anterior surface of mandibular symphysis parallel with plane of IR
AML nearly perpendicular to IR plane

240
Q

CR for axiolateral (right or left) mandible/Schuller (TMJ)

A

25-30 degrees caudad entering about 1/2 in (1.3 cm) anterior and 2 in (5 cm) superior to the upside EAM

242
Q

Deep central depression whose lower part leads into the EAM

A

Concha

242
Q

Double-walled seromembranous sac that encloses the abdominopelvic cavity

A

Peritoneum

242
Q

Solutions that move through the GI tract quicker than barium sulfate, clear the stomach in one to two hours, do not adhere as well to esophageal mucosa as to barium sulfate and rovide satisfactory exams of the stomach, duodenum and large intestine

A

Iodinated solutions

242
Q

4 parts the stomach is divided into

A

Cardia
Fundus
Body
Pyloric portion

242
Q

What is the function of the small intestine?

A

Digestion and absorption of food

243
Q

Largest and densest bone of the face

A

Mandible

243
Q

Minor lobe on the inferior surface of the medial side of the right lobe of the liver

A

Quadrate lobe

243
Q

CR for PA axial mandible (rami)

A

20-25 degrees cephalad to exit the acanthion

244
Q

Superior attachment of auricle, reference point for positioning

A

Top of ear attachment (TEA)

244
Q

4 layers of the esophagus, stomach and small and large intestine

A

Fibrous
Muscular
Submucosal
Mucosal

244
Q

3 functions of the stomach in the digestive process

A

Serves as a storage area for food until it can be digested further
Acids, enzymes and other chemicals are secreted to break food down chemically
Mechanically broken down through churning and peristalsis

244
Q

What is the average length and diameter of the small intestine

A

Length averages about 22 ft (6.5 m) and its diameter gradually diminishes from approximately 1 1/2 in (3.8 cm) in the proximal part to approximately 1 in (2.5 cm) in the distal part

245
Q

Three unequally sized canals that form right angles to one another and are called, according to their positions, anterior, posterior and lateral; involved with equilibrium

A

Semicircular canals

245
Q

CR for PA axial stomach and duodenum

A

35-45 degrees cephalad to the midpoint of the IR (20-25 degrees cephalad for infants)

245
Q

Pouch like portion of the large intestine that is below the junction of the ileum and the colon
Approximately 2 1/2 in (6 cm) long and 3 in (7.6 cm) in diameter

A

Cecum

246
Q

Anterior process on top of ramus of mandible, thin and tapered to a higher level than the posterior process; cannot be palpated

A

Coronoid process

RAD 232 - Selected Radiography Systems (4 decks)

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