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RAD 232 - Selected Radiography Systems > Ch 20 - Skull > Flashcards

Ch 20 - Skull Flashcards

1
Q

Rests on the superior aspect of the vertebral columns; composed of 22 separate bones divided into 2 groups

A

Skull

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2
Q

Bones that form a protective house for the brain

A

Cranial

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3
Q

2 groups the of cranial bones

A

Calvaria Floor

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4
Q

Bones that provide structure, shape and support the face and form protective housing for the upper ends of the respiratory and digestive tracts and with several of the cranial bones, form the orbital sockets for protection of the organs of sight

A

Facial

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5
Q

8 cranial bones

A

(Calvaria) Frontal 1 Occipital 1 Right parietal 1 Left parietal 1 (Floor) Ethmoid 1 Sphenoid 1 Right temporal 1 Left temporal 1

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6
Q

4 calvaria bones

A

Frontal 1 Occipital 1 Right parietal 1 Left parietal 1

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7
Q

4 floor bones

A

Ethmoid 1 Sphenoid 1 Right temporal 1 Left temporal 1

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8
Q

14 facial bones

A

Nasal (right and left) 2 Lacrimal (right and left) 2 Maxillary (right and left) 2 Zygomatic (right and left) 2 Palatine (right and left) 2 Inferior nasal conchae (right and left) 2 Vomer 1 Mandible 1

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9
Q

Fibrous joints that connect the bones of the skull (except mandible)

A

Sutures

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10
Q

With what bone(s) does the sphenoid bone articulate?

A

Sphenoid bone articulates with all other cranial bones

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11
Q

4 sutures

A

Coronal Sagittal Squamosal Lambdoidal

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12
Q

Suture between frontal and parietal bones

A

Coronal

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13
Q

Suture on top of head between two parietal bones

A

Sagittal

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14
Q

Suture between temporal bone and parietal bones

A

Squamosal

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15
Q

Suture between occipital and parietal bones

A

Lamboidal

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16
Q

Junction of coronal and sagittal sutures

A

Bregma

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17
Q

Junction of sagittal and lambdoidal sutures

A

Lambda

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18
Q

Areas of incomplete ossification in infant skulls (ex: soft spots)

A

Fontanels

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19
Q

At what age is adult cranial size usually achieved?

A

12

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20
Q

At what angle does a mesocephalic skull’s petrous pyramids project anteriorly and medially from the midsagittal plane?

A

47 degree angle

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21
Q

Typical skull

A

Mesocephalic

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22
Q

At what angle does a brachycephalic skull’s petrous pyramids project anteriorly and medially from the midsagittal plane?

A

54 degree angle

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23
Q

At what angle does a dolichocephalic skull’s petrous pyramids project anteriorly and medially from the midsagittal plane?

A

40 degree angle

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24
Q

Skull that is short from front to back and broad from side to side

A

Brachycephalic

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25
Q

3 regions cranial floor is internally divided into

A

Anterior cranial fossa Middle cranial fossa Posterior cranial fossa

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26
Q

Extends from the anterior frontal bone to the lesser wings of the sphenoid; associated mainly with the frontal lobes of the cerebrum

A

Anterior cranial fossa

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27
Q

Accommodates the temporal lobes and associated nuerovascular structures and extends from the lesser wings of the sphenoid bone to the apices of petrous portions of the temporal bones

A

Middle cranial fossa

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28
Q

Deep depression posterior to the petrous portions of the temporal bones, protects cerebellum, pons and medulla oblongata

A

Posterior cranial fossa

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29
Q

Vertical portion of frontal bone, forms forehead and anterior part of cranial vault

A

Frontal squama

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30
Q

Has vertical portion (frontal squama) and horizontal portions

A

Frontal bone

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31
Q

3 things frontal bone forms

A

Orbital plates Part of the roof of the naval cavity Greater part of anterior cranial fossa

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32
Q

Roofs of the orbits

A

Orbital plates

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33
Q

6 landmarks on the frontal bone

A

Frontal eminences Supraorbital margins Supraciliary arches Supraorbital foramina Glabella Nasal spine

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34
Q

Rounded elevations on each side of the midsagittal plane of the superior portion of the squama of the frontal bone

A

Frontal eminences

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35
Q

Two arched ridges below the frontal eminences and just above the supraorbital margins that correspond in position to the eyebrows

A

Supraciliary arches

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36
Q

Two openings for nerves and blood vessels in the center of the supraorbital margin (frontal bone)

A

Supraorbital foramina

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37
Q

Smooth elevation between the superciliary arches of the frontal bone used as centering mark

A

Glabella

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38
Q

Small inferior projection of bone at the anterior edge of the ethmoidal notch of the frontal bone; superior-most component of the bony nasal septum

A

Nasal spine

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39
Q

Situated between the two tables of the squama of the frontal bone on each side of the midsagittal plane These irregularly shaped sinuses are separated by a bony wall which may be incomplete and usually deviates from the midline

A

Frontal sinuses

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40
Q

3 things the frontal squama articulates with

A

Parietal bones at the coronal suture Greater wing of these sphenoid bone at the frontosphenoidal suture Nasal bones at the frontonasal suture

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41
Q

Midpoint of the frontonasal suture

A

Nasion

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42
Q

5 things the frontal bone articulates with

A

Right and left parietals Sphenoid Ethmoid Nasal bones Zygoma

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43
Q

Small, cube-shaped bone at the midsagittal plane located between the orbits

A

Ethmoid bone

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44
Q

3 things the ethmoid bone consists of

A

Horizontal plate Vertical plate Labyrinths

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45
Q

4 things the ethmoid bone forms

A

Part of anterior cranial fossa Nasal cavity Orbital walls Bony nasal septum

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46
Q

Horizontal portion of the ethmoid bone that is received into the ethmoidal notch of the frontal bone; perforated by many foramina for the transmission of olfactory nerves

A

Cribriform plate

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47
Q

Thick, conical process on cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone that projects superiorly from its anterior midline and serves as the anterior attachment for the falx cerebri

A

Crista galli

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48
Q

Vertical portion of the ethmoid bone; thin flat bone that projects inferiorly from the inferior surface of the cribriform plate and, with the nasal spine, forms the superior portion of the bony septum of the nose

A

Perpendicular plate

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49
Q

Two light, spongy lateral masses of the ethmoid bone Contain ethmoid sinuses or air cells

A

Labyrinths

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50
Q

3 groups cells of each side of the ethmoid sinuses are divided into in the labyrinths

A

Anterior Middle Posterior ethmoidal air cells

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51
Q

Two thin, scroll shaped processes the project inferiorly from each medial wall of the labyrinths of the ethmoid bone

A

Superior and middle nasal conchae

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52
Q

5 bones the ethmoid bone articulates with

A

Frontal Sphenoid Lacrimal Maxilla Vomer

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53
Q

Two square-shaped bones that have a convex external surface and a concave internal surface Form a large portion of the sides of the cranium and the posterior portion of the cranial roof by their articulation with each other at the sagittal suture in the MSP

A

Parietal bones

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54
Q

Prominent bulge on each parietal bone near the center of external surface of each bone Point where the width of the skull should be measured to set technique because it’s the widest point of the head

A

Parietal eminence

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55
Q

5 bones the parietal bones articulate with

A

With each other at sagittal suture in MSP Frontal Temporal Occipital Sphenoid

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56
Q

Irregular, wedge-shaped bone that resembles a bat with its wings extended (somewhat) Located in base of cranium anterior to temporal bones and basilar portion of occipital Body contains two sphenoid sinuses (incompletely separated by a median septum) and anterior surface forms posterior bony wall of nasal cavity

A

Sphenoid bone

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57
Q

7 things the sphenoid bone consists of

A

Body 2 lesser wings 2 greater wings 2 pterygoid process

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58
Q

Deep depression (saddle) on superior surface of body of the sphenoid bone that houses pituitary gland

A

Sella turcica

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59
Q

Where is the sella turcica located?

A

Located on sphenoid bone in MSP of cranium 3/4 in (1.9 cm) anterior and superior to the level of the external acoustic meatus (EAM)

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60
Q

Anterior border of sella of the sphenoid

A

Tuberculum sellae

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61
Q

Posterior border of sella of the sphenoid that bears the posterior clinoid processes

A

Dorsum sellae

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62
Q

Top borders of dorsum of the sphenoid

A

Posterior clinoid processes

63
Q

Slanted area of bone posterior and inferior to the dorsum sellae of the sphenoid Continuous with basilar area of occipital Supports pons of the brain

A

Clivus

64
Q

Extends across the anterior portion of the tuberculum sellae of the sphenoid and ends on each side at the optic canal

A

Optic groove

65
Q

Opening of the sphenoid into the apex of the orbit for the transmission of optic nerve and ophthalmic artery

A

Optic canal

66
Q

Actual opening of the optic canal of the sphenoid

A

Optic foramen

67
Q

Triangular in shape and nearly horizontal in position; arise, one on each side, from the anterosuperior portion of the body of the sphenoid bone and project laterally, ending in sharp points Medial ends form the anterior clinoid processes

A

Lesser wings of the sphenoid bone

68
Q

4 things the lesser wings of the sphenoid bone form

A

Posteromedial portion of orbital roofs Posterior portion of anterior cranial fossa Upper margin of the superior orbital fissure Optic canals

69
Q

Arise from the sides of the body of the sphenoid bone and curve laterally, posteriorly, anteriorly and superiorly

A

Greater wings of the sphenoid bone

70
Q

4 things the greater wings of the sphenoid bone form

A

Part of the middle cranial fossa Posterolateral walls of the orbits Lower margin of the superior orbit sulci The greater part of the posterior margin of the inferior orbital sulci

71
Q

3 paired foramina situated on greater wings of the sphenoid bone

A

Rotundum Ovale Spinosum

72
Q

Arise from lateral portion of inferior surface of the body of sphenoid bone and medial portions of inferior surfaces of greater wings; project inferiorly and curve laterally

A

Pterygoid processes

73
Q

2 plates of bone each pterygoid process of the sphenoid consists of

A

Medial and lateral pterygoid laminae which are fused at their superoanterior parts

74
Q

Elongated, hook-shaped process on inferior extremity of medial lamina of the sphenoid that makes it look longer and narrower than lateral lamina

A

Pterygoid hamulus

75
Q

2 things the pterygoid processes of the sphenoid articulate with

A

Palatine bones anteriorly Wings of the vomer where they enter into the formation of the nasal cavity

76
Q

What does the sphenoid bone articulate with?

A

ALL other cranial bones and the zygoma

77
Q

Bone situated at posteroinferior part of cranium

A

Occipital bone

78
Q

2 things the occipital bone forms

A

Posterior half of cranial base Greater portion of posterior cranial fossa

79
Q

4 parts of the occipital bone

A

Squama Two occipital condyles Basilar portion

80
Q

Saucer-shaped, being convex externally; curves posteriorly and superiorly from foramen magnum and is curved from side to side

A

Squama

81
Q

2 things the squama of the occipital bone articulates with

A

Parietal bones at lambdoidal sutures Mastoid portions of temporal bones at occipitomastoid sutures

82
Q

Extend anteriorly, one on each side of the foramen magnum of the occipital bone; articulate with C1 and make it able to move head

A

Two occipital condyles

83
Q

Curves anteriorly and superiorly to its junction with the body of the sphenoid In an adult, this part of the occipital bone fuses with the body of the sphenoid bone, resulting in the formation of a continuous bone

A

Basilar portion

84
Q

Large aperture/opening through which inferior portion of medulla oblongata passes as it exits cranial cavity and joins spinal cord

A

Foramen magnum

85
Q

Prominent process on external surface of squama of the occipital, midway between its summit and the foramen magnum; corresponds in position with internal occipital protuberance

A

External occipital protuberance/inion

86
Q

Project anteriorly, one from each side of squama of the occipital, for articulation with atlas of c-spine Part of each lateral portion curves medially to fuse with basilar portion and complete the foramen magnum and part of part of it projects laterally to form the jugular process

A

Occipital condyles

87
Q

On the inferior surface of the curved parts, extending from the level of the middle of the foramen magnum anteriorly to the level of its anterior margin, reciprocally shaped condyles articulate with superior facets of the atlas Only bony articulations between the skull and neck

A

Occipitoatlantal joints

88
Q

Found at anterior ends of the condyles of the occipital and transmit hypoglossal nerves

A

Hypoglossal canals

89
Q

Emissary veins pass through these parts of the occipital

A

Condylar canals

90
Q

Anterior portion of occipital bone contains a deep notch that forms part of this

A

Jugular foramen

91
Q

2 reasons jugular foramen of the occipital is an important large opening

A

Allows blood to drain from the brain via internal jugular vein Lets three cranial nerves pass through it

92
Q

4 things the occipital bone articulates with

A

Two parietals Two temporals Sphenoid Atlas (C1)

93
Q

Irregular in shape bones that are situated on each side of the cranial base between the greater wings of the sphenoid and occipital bone

A

Temporal bones

94
Q

2 things the temporal bones form

A

Large part of the middle cranial fossa Small part of the posterior cranial fossa

95
Q

5 things the temporal bones consist of

A

Squamous portion Tympanic portion Styloid process Zygomatic process Petromastoid portion

96
Q

Thin upper portion of temporal bone, thinnest area of skull; forms part of side wall of cranium

A

Squamous portion

97
Q

Slender, pointed bone of variable length projecting inferiorly from the temporal bones, anteriorly and slightly medially from inferior surface of tympanic portion

A

Styloid process

98
Q

Mastoid and petrous portions of the temporals which contains the organs of hearing and equilibrium/balance

A

Petromastoid portion

99
Q

Prominent arched process on the squamous portion of the temporals that projects anteriorly to articulate with zygomatic bone of the face and complete the zygomatic arch

A

Zygomatic process

100
Q

Rounded eminence on inferior border of zygomatic process of the temporals, forms anterior boundary of mandibular fossa

A

Articular tubercle

101
Q

Part of the temporals that receives condyle of mandible to form temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

A

Mandibular fossa

102
Q

Located below squama and in front of mastoid and petrous portions of temporal bone Forms anterior wall, inferior wall, and part of the posterior walls of the external auditory meatus (EAM)

A

Tympanic portion

103
Q

What size is the external auditory meatus (EAM) of the temporals?

A

EAM approximately 1/2 in (1.3 cm) in length and projects medially, anteriorly and slightly superiorly

104
Q

Forms the inferior posterior part of temporal bone and is prolonged into the conical mastoid process Usually contains air cells, which vary greatly in size, number and pneumatization

A

Mastoid portion

105
Q

2 things the mastoid portions of the temporals articulate with

A

Parietal bone at its superior border through the parietomastoid suture Occipital bone at its posterior border through the occipitomastoid suture, which is contiguous with the lambdoidal suture

106
Q

Conical process projecting from mastoid portion of the temporals that varies considerably in size, depending on its pneumatization and is larger in males than in females

A

Mastoid process

107
Q

Conical or pyramidal in shape and is the thickest and densest portion of cranium Contains the organs of hearing and balance From its base at the squamous and mastoid portions of the temporals, it projects medially and anteriorly between the greater wing of the sphenoid and the occipital to the body of the sphenoid, with which its apex articulates Internal carotid artery in carotid canal enters the inferior aspect of the petrous portion, passes superior to the cochlea, then passes medially to exit the petrous apex

A

Petrous portion/pyramid

108
Q

Ragged foramen near petrous apex of the temporals the carotid canal opens into; contains internal carotid artery

A

Foramen lacerum

109
Q

Located at the center of posterior aspect of petrous portion of the temporals, transmits the vestibulochochlear and facial nerves

A

Internal acoustic meatus (IAM)

110
Q

Upper border of petrous portion of the temporals

A

Petrous ridge

111
Q

5 things the temporal bone articulates with

A

Parietal Occipital Sphenoid Zygoma Mandible

112
Q

Bones of the middle ear

A

Auditory ossicles

113
Q

3 auditory ossicles

A

Malleus Incus Stapes

114
Q

Angle of mandible

A

Gonion

115
Q

6 lines starting from EAM

A

Orbitomeatal line (OML) Infraorbitalmeatal line (IOML) Glabellomeatal line (GML) Acanthiomeatal line (AML) Mentomeatal line (MML) Inter pupillary line (IPL)

116
Q

Line from outer canthus to EAM, used most often

A

Orbitomeatal line (OML)

117
Q

Line from infraorbital margin to EAM, second most used

A

Infraorbitalmeatal line (IOML)

118
Q

Line from glabella to EAM

A

Glabellomeatal line (GML)

119
Q

Line from acanthion to EAM

A

Acanthiomeatal line (AML)

120
Q

Line from mental point to EAM

A

Mentomeatal line (MML)

121
Q

Perpendicular line between pupils of eyes (not at EAM)

A

Inter pupillary line (IPL)

122
Q

Center of chin

A

Mental point

123
Q

Part position for lateral (right or left) cranium

A

MSP of head parallel to IR IPL perpendicular to IR IOML parallel to transverse axis of cassette; IOML also should be perpendicular to the front edge of the cassette

124
Q

CR of lateral (right or left) cranium

A

Perpendicular to center of IR Enters 2 in (5 cm) superior to EAM

125
Q

3 evaluation criteria of lateral skull

A

Superimposed orbital roofs and greater wings of sphenoid Superimposed TMJs Sella turcica in profile

126
Q

Patient and part position for PA/PA axial cranium (Caldwell method)

A

Forehead and nose resting (maybe) on table or upright OML perpendicular to IR plane MSP perpendicular to IR IR centered to nasion

127
Q

CR for PA of PA cranium

A

Perpendicular, exits nasion

128
Q

CR for PA axial of cranium (Caldwell method)

A

Angled 15 degrees caudad Exits nasion

129
Q

3 evaluation criteria of PA/PA axial cranium (Caldwell method)

A

Equal distance from lateral borders of skull to lateral border of orbits Symmetric petrous ridges Entire cranial perimeter showing three tables of squamous bone

130
Q

What is the difference between the petrous ridges on the PA and PA axial cranium (Caldwell method) projection?

A

PA projection shows orbits filled w/petrous ridges PA axial (Caldwell) demonstrates petrous pyramids lying in lower third of orbit

131
Q

Patient and part position for AP/AP axial of cranium

A

Provides similar but magnified image when patient can’t be positioned for PA or PA axial projection, supine MSP and OML perpendicular to IR

132
Q

CR of AP/AP axial of cranium

A

Perpendicular or 15 degrees cephalic for AP axial Enters nasion

133
Q

Patient and part position for AP axial of cranium (Towne method)

A

Supine or seated erect MSP centered to midline MSP perpendicular to midline of IR OML or IOML perpendicular (if they can’t get OML perpendicular, then use IOML) IR top border level w/skull vertex

134
Q

CR of AP axial of cranium (Towne method)

A

Directed thru foramen magnum OML = 30 degrees caudal IOML = 37 degrees caudal Enters 2.5 in (6.3 cm) above the glabella & passes through the level of the EAM

135
Q

What degree difference is there between OML and IOML

A

7 degrees

136
Q

How do you compensate distance for when the tube is angled?

A

Have to compensate distance for tube angle greater than or equal to 15 degrees by bringing distance of tube down. For every 5 degrees, bring tube down 1 in

137
Q

3 evaluation criteria for AP axial of cranium (Towne method)

A

Equal distances from lateral border of skull to lateral margin of foramen magnum Symmetric petrous ridges Dorsum sellae and posterior clinoid processes visible with foramen magnum

138
Q

Patient position for PA axial of cranium (Haas method)

A

Prone or seated upright MSP centered to midline Shoulders in same horizontal plane

139
Q

Part position for PA axial of cranium (Haas method)

A

Forehead and nose on table MSP perpendicular OML perpendicular to IR

140
Q

CR of PA axial of cranium (Haas method)

A

Directed cephalad at 25 degree angle to OML Enters at a point 1.5 in (3.8 cm) below external occipital protuberance (inion) Exits 1.5 in (3.8 cm) superior to nasion

141
Q

2 evaluation criteria for PA axial of cranium (Haas method)

A

Equal distances from lateral borders of skull to lateral margins of foramen magnum on both sides Projection of dorsum sellae and posterior clinoid processes within foramen magnum

142
Q

Patient and part position for SMV projection of cranium (Schuller Method)

A

Success depends on placing the IOML as nearly parallel within the plane of the IR as possible and directing the CR perpendicular to the IOML Seated upright or supine (torso elevated if supine) MSP centered to midline IOML parallel with IR MSP perpendicular to IR

143
Q

CR of SMV projection of cranium (Schuller Method)

A

Through sella turcica perpendicular to IOML Enters MSP of throat between angles of mandible Passes through a point 3/4 in (1.9 cm) anterior to level or EAM Center IR to CR

144
Q

4 evaluation criteria for SMV projection of cranium (Schuller Method)

A

Equal distance from lateral border of skull to mandibular condyles Symmetric petrous pyramids Superimposition of mental protuberance over anterior frontal bone, indicating full neck extension Mandibular condyle anterior to petrous pyramids

145
Q

Cartilage of ears

A

Auricles

146
Q

On lateral aspect of skull junction of parietal bone, squamosal suture and greater wing of sphenoid which overlies middle meningeal artery

A

Pterion

147
Q

At junction of occipital, parietal and mastoid portion of temporal bone

A

Asterion

148
Q

2 of the fontanels are situated in the MSP at the superior and posterior angles of the parietal bones

A

Anterior fontanel Posterior fontanel

149
Q

Located at junction of the two parietal bones and the frontal bone at the bregma Close during the 2nd year of life

A

Anterior fontanel

150
Q

Lambda, posteriorly and in MSP Normally close in the 1st and 3rd months after birth

A

Posterior fontanel

151
Q

2 fontanels on each side at the inferior angles of parietal bones

A

Sphenoidal fontanels Mastoid fontanels

152
Q

Found at site of pterion Normally close in the 1st and 3rd months after birth

A

Sphenoidal fontanels

153
Q

Found at asteria Close during the 2nd year of life

A

Mastoid fontanels

154
Q

Where do the top of the petrous pyramids lie?

A

Approximately at the level of an external radiography landmark called the top of ear attachment (TEA)

RAD 232 - Selected Radiography Systems (4 decks)

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