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EM > Managing Natural Hazards (2nd Test) > Flashcards

Managing Natural Hazards (2nd Test) Flashcards

1
Q

Define a cyclone

A

A powerful tropical storm- an area of intense low pressure that forms over warm water.

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2
Q

What do cyclones bring

A

They bring strong winds, torrential rains and storm surges

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3
Q

Names of cyclones

A

Atlantic Ocean- Hurricane
Pacific Ocean- Typhoons
Indian Ocean- Cyclones

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4
Q

Area where tropical cyclones form

A
  1. Between 5 & 20 north and south of the equator
  2. Over warm tropical water (27 c & 60 m deep)
  3. When powerful convection of warm moist air occurs, this rises, cools, condenses and forms storm clouds. Fueled by ocean temperatures, the storm grows and begins to rotate due to the coriolis effect
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5
Q

Life cycle of a tropical cyclone

A
  1. Tropical disturbance- Warm moist air forms thunderstorms
  2. Tropical depression- Storms combine & spin
  3. Tropical storms- Spiralling winds churn up the sea, grows into a circular shape w/ rainfall
  4. Tropical cyclone- Clear rotation around central eye (low pressure in centre creates an area of suction which causes storm surges)
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6
Q

Measure of tropical cyclones

A

Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale

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7
Q

Possible damages from wind & storm surges

A
  1. Homes broken
  2. Trees unrooted
  3. Power lines destroyed
  4. Coastal roads flooded
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8
Q

Impacts of storm surge

A
  1. Saltwater flooding destroys crops (food supply)
  2. Fishing fleets destroyed (food supply)
  3. Contaminated water supplies (water-borne diseases)
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9
Q

Reducing TC risk beforehand

A
  1. Tracked by satellites
  2. Warnings
  3. Evacuation plans can be drawn
  4. Houses can be boarded up
  5. Emergency training drills
  6. Food supplies stored
  7. Education
  8. Cyclone shelters made
  9. Buildings redesigned
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10
Q

Reducing TC risk during

A
  1. Stay inside & wait
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11
Q

Reducing TC risk after

A
  1. Social networking to reunite families
  2. International aid
  3. Plans to reconstruct buildings
  4. Provide assistance
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12
Q

Define flooding

A

When an area of land is covered or submerged with water

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13
Q

Causes of flooding

A
  1. Prolonged/heavy rainfall
  2. Storm surges
  3. Geology
  4. Snowmelt
  5. Tsunamis
  6. Urbanisation
  7. Rise in sea level
  8. Deforestation
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14
Q

How can humans be blamed for flooding?

A

Humans find it attractive to devlop on ‘floodplains’ (flat area of land next to a river)
Floods in an area with untouched floodplains are unlikely to lead to a disaster

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15
Q

Where does rain go when it reaches the ground

A

Directly into the river
Infiltrate in the soil
Surface run-off
Intercept in trees
Percolation into surrounding drainage basins

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16
Q

Impacts of flooding

A
  1. Death
  2. Crops
  3. Mines
  4. Water
17
Q

Reducing flood risk before

A
  1. Flood risk map
  2. Monitoring
  3. Hard engineering (Dams, control gates, flood relief chanels)
  4. Soft engineering (trees, marshlands, controlled flooding)
  5. Flood proofing houses
18
Q

Reducing flood risk during

A
  1. Search and rescue
  2. Shelters
19
Q

Reducing flood risk after

A
  1. Clean up
  2. Assessments on roads, bridges
  3. Demolition of buildings
20
Q

Define drought

A

A prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall, leading to a shortage of water

21
Q

Natural causes of drought

A
  1. Weather patterns
  2. Climate change
  3. ENSO
  4. Climactic factors
22
Q

Human causes of drought

A
  1. Poor farming practices
  2. Oversbatraction
  3. Deforestation
  4. Conflict
23
Q

Impacts of drought

A
  1. Death
  2. Soil erosion
  3. Decline in water supply
  4. Crops
    5.Starvation
    6.Decrease in air quality
  5. Risk of wildfires
  6. Desertification
24
Q

Reducing the risk of droughts beforehand

A
  1. Transferring water
  2. Desalination
  3. Exploiting unused groundwater in aquifers
  4. Education
  5. Monitoring / Warnings
25
Q

Reducing the risk of droughts during

A
  1. Rationing
  2. Conserve, Reuse, Harvest
  3. Migration
  4. Emergency supplies sent out
26
Q

Reducing the risk of droughts after

A
  1. Developing water supplies
  2. Drought-resistant crops
  3. Education
  4. Combatting desertification
27
Q

Opportunities in floods

A
  1. Fertile ‘Alluvium’ deposited
  2. Floodplain & Delta used for agriculture supported by river irrigation
28
Q

Define flood plains

A

A naturally occurring area of flat, low-lying ground adjacent to a river, formed mainly of river sediments and subject to flooding

29
Q

Define lag time

A

The amount of time between peak rainfall and peak river discharge

EM (10 decks)

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