managing land for food and biodiversity

Question 1

what are the land transitions like?

Answer 1

for pre-settlement- natural ecosystems are 100%. this decreases to roughly 20 % in frontier with frontier clearing holding the rest. subsistence agriculture and small scale farms hold subsistence and intensifying have intensive agriculture and little urban areas and recreational lands.

Question 2

how has population growth changed?

Answer 2

increased dramatically from 0.5 billion in 1750 to 9 billion in 2050.

Question 3

how has climate change changed?

Answer 3

increase of global temperature rises from -.2 degrees anomaly in 1880, to .4 anomaly in 200.

Question 4

how has diet changed?

Answer 4

China increased from 2 billion tonnes to 80 billion in 40 years. Europe decreased a little. all other increase a little.

Question 5

how as arable land changed?

Answer 5

decreased dramatically. from 0.4 variable world to 0.2 in 50 years.

Question 6

what are the aims of higher food production?

Answer 6

increased land for food production, intensification of agriculture, increased inputs, increased pressure from other land uses.

Question 7

what do the aims of higher food production conflict with?

Answer 7

biodiversity

Question 8

what does biodiversity struggle with?

Answer 8

loss of natural habitat, increased habitat fragmentation, pollution, invasive species, increased roads.

Question 9

what percentage of earth land are multiuse landscapes outside protected areas?

Answer 9

88%

Question 10

what has becomes the largest biomes on earth?

Answer 10

croplands and pastures.

Question 11

what percentage of the terrestrial surface do croplands and pastures fill?

Answer 11

40%

Question 12

what is one of the largest threats to biodiversity and why?

Answer 12

agriculture. due to loss of habitats

Question 13

from 1980 to 2000, what percentage of agriculture replaced the forest?

Answer 13

80% of agricultural expansion replaced forest

Question 14

how much of hedgerows in England were removed and in what time period

Answer 14

a quarter, from 1946 to 1974.

Question 15

why were the hedgerows removed from England?

Answer 15

for the development of new drainage and machinery practices.

Question 16

in the millennium ecosystem assessment, what percentage was estimated that useable agricultural and was already degraded?

Answer 16

23%

Question 17

what percentage of the world’s pastures are damaged?

Answer 17

20%

Question 18

how many bees does it take to pollinate California almond crops?

Answer 18

1.5 million.

Question 19

what is land sparing?

Answer 19

when separate land for conservation from the land for farming.

Question 20

what does land sparing accomplish?

Answer 20

as much food as possible per unit of land, intensify agriculture and protect another land for biodiversity and ecosystems services.

Question 21

what is land sharing?

Answer 21

integrate biodiversity conservation and food production on the same land?

Question 22

what does land-sharing accomplish?

Answer 22

farm a greater total area. wildlife-friendly farming, which may impact yields. agri-environment schemes.

Question 23

what happened in Ghana and North India to do with land sparing and land sharing?

Answer 23

measured crop yields and densities of 600 birds and tree species across gradients of agricultural intensity in both countries.

Question 24

how are species affected by agriculture?

Answer 24

more are negatively affected than benefitted from it.

Question 25

how much food is produced in both scenarios?

Answer 25

the same amount of food. land-sharing harmed wildlife more.

Question 26

what is the best mix?

Answer 26

crop yields and conservation in a max high-yield farm and planatations.