Management theories

Question 1

Theory X

Answer 1

Theory X managers tend to take a pessimistic view of their employee, and assume that they are naturally unmotivated and dislike work

• Employees don’t like to work and must be forced to work
• Employees prefer to be led and avoid responsibility

Question 2

Theory Y

Answer 2

• Employees want to do a good job.
• Work is a natural part of life, and employees seek responsibility and exercise self-direction and to meet goals.

Theory Y managers have an optimistic positive opinion of their people, and they tend to use a decentralized, participative management style. This encourages a more collaborative, trust based relationship between manager’s and their team members.

Question 3

Ouchi’s theory Z

Answer 3

Contemporary approach to management and motivation that focus on increased job satisfaction and productivity. Emphasizes high degree of consistency in the internal culture.
- Collective decision making
- Quality circles to foster work involvement in decision and control
- Lateral movement throughout organization

Question 4

H.W. Heinrich theory

Answer 4

• Unsafe acts cause 88% of accidents
• Remainder causes by unsafe conditions or acts of God

Question 5

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Answer 5

Every action is motivated by an unsatisfied need

1. Physiology needs
2. Safety and security
3. Belonging and engaged in society needs
4. Self-esteem and status needs
5. Self-fulfillment needs