management test 2 Flashcards
Who were the 3 management pioneers?
Fayol, Fredrick Taylor, Frank and Dr. Lillian Gilbreth
What was were the five principals of management Fayol sugged there were?
Unity of command, line of authority, stability of tenure (turnover), initiative, and esprit de corps
what is stability of tenure?
the length of time employee serves in important
What is the percentage of employees that leave a company within one year?
Turnover
What is the point of Fayol’s iniatiave principal?
It is important that managers give employees the ability to supply new ideas and creativity
What is it called when a team of people are cohesive and work well together and have a common sense of purpose?
Esprit de Corps
What was Fredrick Taylor’s management practice called?
One Best Way
What did Fredrick Taylor do that was important to management?
Took a task and broke it down into components to figure out how to make work more efficient
What did Taylor use to determine efficiency of employees?
Timestudies, Adapting tools and workers, and Taylorite Efficiency
What was Taylor most known for?
He thought he was the expert and anyone being negative he would fire
Who is considered the “Mother of Management”?
Lillian Gilbreth
What did Frank Gilbreth do different than other workers?
He designed a scafold to be more efficient
What were the 5 things the Gilbreths interested in?
Time and motion studies, eliminating unnecessary motions (Decrease fatigue, used film to study works, ergonomics, and improve employee attitude
What is the science of equipment design?
Ergonomics
What is a stable pattern of characteristics or traits?
Personality
What are the Big 5 Personality Traits?
Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, Neuroticism, Openness to Experience, and Extroversion
What is it called when an employee is organized, dependable, achievment oriented, and self-disciplined?
Conscientiousness
What are characteristics of Agreeableness?
Trusting, caring, gentle, cooperative
What is the best predictor of task performance and turnover?
Conscientiousness
What is conscientiousness positively related to?
Safety and training performance
What is agreeableness positively and negatively related to?
Postive: job performance with interaction; negative: turnover
What is it called when employees have POOR emotional stability and are hostile?
Neuroticism
What is neuroticism positively and negatively related to?
Postive: turnover; negative: performance
What does it mean to be high in openess to experience?
employee is creative, imaginative, curious, do well in training tasks, and better entrepreneurs
What is the management definition of extroversion?
People who are high seek stimulation outside themselves
What are some characteristics of extroversion?
Positively related to sales type of job performance, get energy from other people
What is the difference between a strong and weak situation?
Strong: expectations are clear (wedding), weak: expectations not clear (party)
What are the other 5 personality dimensions?
Self concept (self-esteem, self-monitoring, and self-efficacy) and proactive personality
What is self-concept?
Aware of ones self and perception of themselves
What is the evaluation of ones self and the degree to which employee has positive feelings?
Self-esteem
What is the difference between high and low self-esteem?
high: confident; low: self-doubt
What is self-monitoring?
Awareness of and the ability to read social cues and to adjust behavior accordingly
What is the difference between high and low self-monitoring?
high: able to adjust; low: unable to adjust
What is the belief in ones ability to perform a particular task successfully and is depedent on task employee is doing?
Self-efficacy
What are the 3 ways Self-efficacy can be trained?
Vicarious modeling (role modeling), enactive mastery (training), and verbal encouragement
What is proactive personality?
extent to which individuals act to influence their environment
What are some characteristics of proactive personality?
Related to sales performance; high= likely to persist in solving problems
What are 3 personality tests?
Inteligence, personality, ability
What is the employment practice that appears neutral, but has dicriminatory affects on a protected group?
Adverse impact
What are three important values talked about?
Achievement, benevolence, and security
What is the willingness to do something for someone else without expecting anything in return?
benevolence
What is the process for work attitude?
Antecedent, work attitude, and work outcome
What are some examples of antecedents?
Personality, values, trust, fit, stress, work relationships, and psychological contract
What are some examples of work attitudes?
Job satisfaction and organizational commitment
What are some examples of work outcomes?
Job performance, turnover, absenteeism, and organizational citizenship behaviors
What is the persistent tendency to feel and behave toward some aspect of the environment?
Work attitude
What is job satisfaction?
employees feelings toward their job (pay, learn, something important)
What is the emotional attachment to an organization?
Organizational commitment; high=strong desire to stay with company
What is a psychological contract?
Expectation about reciprocity between an employee and his or her organization (informal and unspoken)
What is the degree to which employee’s skills and personality match job and organization?
Fit
What are the two kinds of fit?
Person-job fit and person-organization fit
What are voluntary behaviors that employees perform to help their co-workers and to benefit the organization called?
Organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) ; going above and beyong call of dity
What are the 5 need based theories?
McGregor’s X and Y, Aldefer’s ERG Theory, Maslows Hierachy of Needs, Herzbergs 2-factor theory, and McClelland Learned Needs Theory
What is motivation?
Set of forces that initiate behavior and detmine the forms, direction, intensity, and duration
What were the two kinds of Theorys McGregor discusses?
Theory X and Theory Y
What is the difference between Theory X and Theory Y?
Theory X the manager believes workers are lazy and need direction (coerce workers); theory y workers are self-motivated (manager is a coach)
What are the 5 needs discussed by Maslow from lower to higher levels of needs?
Phsiological, safety, love/social, esteem, and self-actualization
What is the difference between self-actualization and esteem?
Self-actualization: desire for fulfillment and need to realize full potential; Esteem: desire for recognition/respect from others
What is the problem with Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs
Higher level needs (self-actualization) cannot be met until lower level (phsiological) ones are met
What are the 3 levels in Aldefer’s ERG theory?
Existence, relatedness, and growth
What is the key to Aldefer’s ERG theory?
Frustration-Regression Hypothesis
What is the definition of frustration-regression hypothesis?
An individual may move up to higher level needs but can also regress down
What are the two factors of Herzberg’s Theory?
Motivators and hygiene factors
What are some examples of motivators?
Recognition, responsibility, achievement, advancements, work itself
What are some examples of hygiene factors and which one is criticized the most?
Pay, company policies, supervision type, and working conditions; pay should be a motivator
Which theory receives the greatest amount of support?
McClellands Learned Needs Theory
What are the 3 needs that people acquire through life experience as discussed by McClelland?
Need for achievement, need for affiliation, and need for power
What are the 5 conditions you need to have a high level of achievement?
Success through own effort, tasks should be medium difficulty, need very clear feedback, need to be creative and innovative, need to be able to look into future
What is the desire to work with others?
Need for affiliation
What are types types of power found under McClellands Need for power?
Personalized power and socialized power
What is the difference between personalized and socialized power?
Personalized: need to control (hitler); socialized: mix of personalized with altruism (high want to use power to help)
What kind of testing did McClelland use?
TAT: Thermatic Apperception Test (Ask people question about picture and determine need from answers/stories
What technique is McClelland using with TAT?
Projective technique
What are the two processed Theories of Motivation?
Adam’s Equity Theory and Expectancy Theory (Vroom)
What does Adam’s Equity Theory say?
People look at what other people get and reference (referent) it back to self
What happens when an employee sees self as less than referent? More than?
Less than: work harder and sabotage referent; more than: motivate others and slack
What is focused on perceptions of fair treatment at work?
Organizatioanl Justice
What are 3 types of organizational justice?
Distributive justice, procedural justic, and interactional justice
What is the difference between distributive and procedural justice?
Distributive: perception rewards are fair; procedural: perception that procedures are fair
What is interactional justice?
Employee’s perception that they are treated with respect and dignity
What does expectancy theory say?
Valence drives Efforts and lead to performance that leads to rewards
What is an employees assessment that his or her effort will lead to performance?
Expectancy
What is it called when employees performance will be rewarded?
Instrumentality
What is the difference between positive and negative valence?
Positive valence for reward means they value it (watch over a knife)
What are the two environmental theories of motivation?
Reinforcement theory (skinner) and goal setting theory (cork and latham)
What does Skinner say about reinforcement theory?
Behavior is a function of its contingent consequences
What is the outcome of postive and negative behaviors?
positive reinforcement (variable schedule is more effective); negative: punishment
What is the problem with the reinforcement theory?
People evaluate and change and just because a consequence is given doesn’t mean people will care
What does the goal setting theory say is most effective?
SMART goals
What does SMART stand for?
Specific, measurable, achievable, realistic, timely
Why are SMART goals effective?
1) they direct employees effort and attention, 2) motivate prolonged effort over short time (persistancy), 3) motives them to develop strategies
